. : 



A COMPENB 



feterinary Materia Mediea 



A$m 



Therapeutics 



HAS &Tj 00 H. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 

oV^lS 

Chap. __„„_. Copyright No. 

Shelf___j H„3 5 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



A COMPEND 



OF 



Veterinary Materia Mediea 



AND 



Therapeutics. 






&* 



Dr. A. C. HASSLOCH, V.S., 

Lecturer on Materia Mediea and Therapeutics and Professor of Veteri- 
nary Dentistry at the New York College of Veterinary Surgeons 
and School of Comparative Medicine, N. Y. 



, JUL 9^1896 




New York : 
WILLIAM E. JENKINS, 

VETERINARY PUBLISHER AND BOOKSELLER, 
851-853 Sjxth Avenue (48th St. ) 



ItX'SH** 






Copyright, 1896, by William R. Jenkins. 
All Rights Reserved. 



<0 



IX- 3 TLfff 



Feinted by the 

Press of William R. Jenkins. 

New York. 



PREFACE. 



Having recognized the want of a short but com- 
prehensive work embracing the most commonly used 
veterinary medicines, I have culled the most impor- 
tant facts from the standard works of Bartholow, 
Brunton, Potter, Finlay Dun, etc., which, together 
with the experience derived from an extended prac- 
tice and research, form the basis for this work. It is 
intended not as an exhaustive treatise of the subject, 
but as a short and easy reference for the veterinary 
student, which, in connection with the course of lec- 
tures delivered by me at the New York College of 
Veterinary Surgeons, will serve to lay a foundation 
upon which the student in more leisure hours can 
build a superstructure of more detailed study. For 
the busy practitioner it will doubtless also serve as a 
ready reference and aid to the memory. 

It has been my effort to pay particular attention to 
the physiological actions of drugs, to exclude all such 
as are useless and obsolete, and to follow a systematic 
and intelligible grouping and classification of the 
most important remedies. 

A very complete index is another feature which 
will undoubtedly be appreciated by all who use the 
book. 

A. C. Hassloch, V.S. 

New York, February, 1896. 



VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA AND 
THERAPEUTICS. 



INTRODUCTION. 

Pharmacology is that science which treats of the 
drugs employed in medicine, and, therefore, em- 
braces all of materia medica and therapeutics per- 
taining to drugs. It is supplemented by 

Pharmacy, the art of preparing drugs in accord- 
ance with the requirements of the pharmacologist and 
of dispensing them on the prescription of the thera- 
peutist. Pharmacy, therefore, must embrace a thor- 
ough knowledge of materia medica, a good idea of 
the theories and manipulations of chemistry, and an 
intimate practical experience in many operations pe- 
culiar to itself. 

Materia Medica is that branch of pharmacology 
which treats of all substances used as medicines, de- 
scribing their origin, composition, chemical proper- 
ties, physical characteristics, modes of preparation 
and administration, and their physiological and toxi- 
cological actions. 

It is divided into Pharmacodynamics and Toxi- 
cology. 



2 • VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

Pharmacodynamics is a treatise on the physio- 
logical action of drugs— i.e., the modifying power of 
drugs upon the normal physiological activity of the 
animal organism ; while 

Toxicology tells us what would be the effects of 
drugs if given in poisonous doses. This also embraces 
the study of drug antagonists and chemical antidotes. 

Therapeutics is that branch of medical science 
which considers the application of remedies as a 
means of cure and alleviation of disease. It includes 
the discussion of all matters relating to the science 
and art of healing. 

The general term, Therapeutics, includes all the 
operations of nature, actions of drugs, food, clothing, 
heat and cold, electricity, etc., and is. divided into 

Natural Therapeutics and Applied Thera- 
peutics. 

Natural Therapeutics includes all the processes of 
nature to heal and alleviate disease independently of 
art. 

Applied Therapeutics embraces the application by 
art of various agents, foreign to the living organism, 
to restore the organism to its normal state. 

Drugs are material agents of every kind em- 
ployed in the treatment of disease. This term was 
formerly applied only to vegetable medicaments in 
their original form. 

A Pharmacopoeia is an official list of drugs and 
their preparations, recognized by the medical profes- 



INTRODUCTION. 3 

si on of a certain country. (U. S. P. is revised every 
ten years.) 

A Dispensatory is a commentary upon one or 
more of the national pharmacopoeias, treating in de- 
tail of the medicinal substances official * therein as 
well as of such unofficial f ones as are of especial in- 
terest and in general use. 

Official Preparations. 

Alkaloids are active, nitrogenous principles ex- 
isting in plants, from which they are extracted by 
chemical art. They are organic bases, forming salts 
with acids, and contain N with C and H. Alkaloids 
are alkaline in reaction, insoluble or but sparingly 
soluble in water, more readily soluble in alcohol, and 
their salts are more soluble in water than in any other 
liquid. In a general way they are very suitable for 
hypodermic medication. 

Aqu^e, waters, aqueous solutions of volatile sub- 
stances (which may be solids, liquids, or gases). 
They are dissolved in four ways : 

First, by solution in hot or cold water. 

Second, by filtration through an absorbent powder. 

Third, by percolation through cotton saturated with 
the substance. 

Fourth, by distillation. 

Cerata, cerates, are unctuous preparations similar 

* Official — according to law. 

f Officinal (officina, an office)— so customary and well 
known as to be found in all shops or offices. 



4 VETERLNA.RY MATERIA MEDICA. 

to ointments, but firmer in consistence. They all 
contain wax (cera). 

Collodia, collodions, are liquid preparations 
whose basis consists of guncotton dissolved in a mix- 
ture of alcohol and ether. 

Decocta, decoctions, are aqueous preparations of 
vegetable drugs, made by boiling these in water for 
from fifteen to thirty minutes, and then straining 
through cloth or muslin. Usually ten per cent, 
strong, unless otherwise ordered. 

Elixiria, elixirs, are aromatic sweetened prepara- 
tions, containing active medicinal agents in small 
quantity, and are made with a menstruum of alcohol 
1 and water 3. They are intended as an excipient for 
extracts, salts, etc., and are used mostly in canine 
practice. 

Emplastra, plasters, are solid compounds, tena- 
cious but pliable, and are prepared by incorporating 
the medicinal agents with certain bases to form a 
mass, which is to be evenly spread upon chamois 
skin, muslin, kid, or ordinary adhesive plaster. They 
are for external use only. 

Extracta, extracts, are solid or semi-solid prepar- 
ations obtained by evaporating solutions of the soluble 
parts of drugs. Alcohol and water are the most com- 
mon solvents. 

Extracta Fluida, fluid extracts, are alcoholic 
solutions or concentrated tinctures of vegetable drugs. 
They are prepared by percolation with menstrua of 
alcohol, diluted alcohol, or alcohol and water in va- 
rious proportions; the resulting product being then 



ItfTKODUCTION". 5 

partially evaporated, so that one grain of the drug is 
represented by one minim of the finished fluid ex- 
tract. 

Glucosidea, glucosides, are organic compounds 
existing in plants, and belong to the group of neutral 
principles. They all are resolved into glucose and 
some other principle when treated with certain re- 
agents or natural ferments. Salicin, santonin, ela te- 
rm, etc., are glucosides. 

Glycerita, glycerites, are mixtures of medicinal 
substances with glycerin — as glyceritum acidi tan- 
nici (twenty per cent.). 

Infusi, infusions, are aqueous preparations of veg- 
etable drugs, using hot or cold water, but without 
boiling, in the proportion of ten per cent. , unless oth- 
erwise ordered. 

Linimenta, liniments, are thin oleaginous prepa- 
rations for external use with friction. They are 
made by dissolving various drugs in oily liquids, or 
in alcoholic liquids containing fatty oils. 

Liquores, solutions, include all aqueous solutions 
of non-volatile substances, except syrups, decoctions, 
and infusions (liquor gutta-perchse is an exception ; it 
is a solution of gutta-percha in chloroform) . 

Misturje, mixtures, are aqueous preparations of 
insoluble substances held in suspension by a suitable 
vehicle. 

Mucilagines, mucilages, are thick, viscid liquids, 
prepared by dissolving gum in water or by extracting 
with water the mucilaginous principles contained in 
certain plants. 



6 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

Oleata, oleates, are liquid solutions of metallic 
salts and alkaloids in oleic acid, and are for external 
use only. 

Oleoresin^e, oleoresins, are liquid preparations 
consisting principally of natural oils and resins ex- 
tracted from vegetable drugs by percolation with 
stronger ether. 

Pilule, pills, are spherical or globular masses 
composed of medicinal agents, and are intended to be 
given at one dose. The pill mass consists of the ac- 
tive ingredients and the excipient, which is the sub- 
stance employed to give the mass its adhesive and 
plastic qualities. 

Pulveres, powders, consist of dry substances in a 
state of minute subdivision obtained by pulveriza- 
tion. They are sometimes composed of several in- 
gredients which are finely powdered and thoroughly 
mixed. 

Kesin^e, resins, are solid preparations obtained by 
precipitating the resinous principles of plants from 
their alcoholic solutions by the agency of water. 

Spiritus, spirits, are alcoholic solutions of volatile 
substances, which may be either solids, liquids, or 
gases. They may be prepared by simple solution, by 
solution with maceration, by gaseous solution, by 
chemical reaction, or by distillation. 

Suppositoria, suppositories, are solid bodies con- 
sisting of medicinal substances incorporated with 
cacao butter, and intended for introduction into the 
rectum, vagina, or urethra. 

Syrupi, syrups, are concentrated solutions of su- 



INTRODUCTION. 7 

gar in water or in aqneous liquids, and are classed 
as simple, medicated, and flavored. 

Tincture, tinctures, are alcoholic solutions of 
medicinal substances, all of them being from non- 
volatile substances, excepting tincture of iodine. 
Tinctures are prepared by percolation, maceration, 
solution, or dilution, the menstrua used being alcohol 
or diluted alcohol of various strengths, and in some 
cases the aromatic spirit of ammonia is used. 

Unguenta, ointments, are soft, fatty mixtures of 
medicinal agents with a basis of lard, petrolatum, or 
fixed oils, and are intended for application to the 
skin by inunction. (Unguentum simplex is lard 80 
and yellow wax 20 parts.) 

Vina, wines, are a class of tinctures, and differ 
from these only in so far that the menstruum employed 
is white wine of a definite alcoholic percentage. 

Unofficial Preparations. 

Bolus, bolus or ball, is a solid preparation larger 
than a pill, to be given at one dose. 

Bougia, bougies or pencils, are urethral or uterine 
suppositories, and are made in such shape as to be 
readily introduced into these canals. The basis is 
usually a compound of gelatin 3 and glycerin 1 
part, melted together. 

Capsule, capsules, are short tubes of gelatin of 
such sizes that one will slip over the other, and are 
used as a means of administering solids or even 
liquids. 



8 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

Cataplasmata, poultices, are applications made 
to supply heat and moisture to a part. They are 
sometimes medicated. Farina lini, etc., are usually 
employed. 

Collunarium, is a nasal douche or wash, con- 
sisting of various substances dissolved in water with 
the addition of a small quantity of glycerin. 

Collyrium, an eye-wash, an aqueous solution of 
medicinal substances for application to the eye. 

Discus, a disk, is a thin scale of gelatin, medi- 
cated for local application to the eye. 

Electuaria, electuaries or "pastes," are prepara- 
tions consisting of various medicinal substances 
beaten up with honey, syrup, molasses, or glyce- 
rin, so as to form a thick paste, and are given with 
a spoon and smeared upon the tongue and teeth. 

Emulsiones, emulsions, are mixtures containing 
an oil or a resin minutely subdivided and in a state 
of suspension in the mixture. This may be accom- 
plished by the aid of some viscid excipient, i.e., gum, 
soap, alkali, or yolk of egg. 

Enemata, enemata or clysters, are liquid prepara- 
tions for injection into the rectum for various pur- 
poses. 

Fotus, a fomentation, is a lotion used hot and 
without friction, and may consist of water alone or 
may be medicated. 

Gargarysma, a gargle, an aqueous solution or 
mixture for application to the pharyngeal mucous 
membrane. It usually contains some disinfectant 
or astringent. 



INTRODUCTION. 9 

Haustus, a draught or drench, a liquid mixture 
intended as a single dose. 

Inhalationes aut Vapores, inhalations or va- 
pors, are medicines in the form of vapor, gas, or 
atomized spray, intended for inhalation for their 
effect upon the respiratory mucous membrane. 

Injectiones, injections, are aqueous preparations 
intended for introduction into the cavities of the body 
by means of a syringe, and are termed according to 
the part to which they are applied — i.e., urethral, to 
the urethra, etc. 

Lotio, a lotion or wash, is an aqueous preparation 
for external use, usually containing some astringent 
salt. It is applied without friction. 

The Administration of Medicines. 

Medicines may be introduced into the circulation 
by six different methods : 

1. Gastro-intestinal Eoute is mostly used. 
The remedies after being swallowed are absorbed by 
the gastro-intestinal blood-vessels and lacteals, and so 
pass into the circulation. 

2. The Rectum absorbs many substances applied 
in the form of enemata and suppositories. 

3. The Respiratory Tract also rapidly absorbs 
many medicinal substances on account of its exten- 
sive blood supply. These remedies are in the form 
of vapors or atomized fluids. 

4. The Veins and Arteries are sometimes used 
as a means of introduction for medicines into the sys- 



10 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

tem, but usually only iu emergencies, as the opera- 
tion is highly dangerous, especially on the arteries. 

5. The Hypodermic Method consists in intro- 
ducing the medicines into the subcutaneous areolar 
tissue, from whence they are absorbed by the lym- 
phatics and capillary vessels. This is accomplished 
by a specially constructed syringe, and when the 
medicine is delivered deeply into the tissues it is 
termed a parenchymatous injection. 

6. The Skin will absorb many substances, espe- 
cially if the epidermis or cuticle is removed, and 
under this route are four subdivisions, viz. : 

A. Enepidermic method, by placing the medicine 
in contact with the epidermis, without friction. 

B. Epidermic method consists in the use of fric- 
tion to hasten the passage of the medicament 
through the epidermis. 

C. Endermic method places the medicament di- 
rectly upon the derma after removing the cuticle by 
means of a blister. 

D. Inoculation method is the introduction of me- 
dicinal agents through the scraped or punctured skin. 

Classification of Medicines. 

Medicines may be divided in a general way into 
two great classes, viz., Stimulants and Sedatives. 

A Stimulant is an agent employed to increase the 
functional activity of a part of the organism. Those 
stimulants having but a transient effect are called 
diffusible stimulants. Besides these we designate 
cerebral, spinal, cardiac, renal, hepatic, and other 



INTRODUCTION. 11 

stimulants, according to the special part which they 
act upon. 

A Sedative is an agent which diminishes the func- 
tional activity of an organ, lowers motility, and de- 
creases the sensation of pain. In this way a soothing 
influence is exerted on the system. 

Sedatives are divided into two classes, viz., Gen- 
eral Sedatives and Local Sedatives. 

General Sedatives affect the entire system more 
or less (this includes narcotics and anaesthetics). 

Local Sedatives affect a part only — as pulmonary, 
spinal, nervous, cardiac sedatives, etc. 

Agents Acting on the Nervous System. 

Motor excitants, cerebral excitants, deliriants, mo- 
tor depressants, cerebral depressants, narcotics, hyp- 
notics, analgesics or anodynes, anaesthetics, anti-spas- 
modics. 

Motor Excitants are agents which increase the 
functional activity of the spinal cord and motor ap- 
paratus, producing a heightened reflex excitability 
and disturbances of motility. Large doses produce 
tetanic convulsions, and the ultimate result is a motor 
paralysis from over-stimulation. Nux vomica and 
ignatia with their alkaloids, strychnine and brucine, 
ergot, and digitalis belong to this class. 

Motor Depressants lower the functional activity 
of the spinal cord and motor apparatus, and when 
given in larger doses paralyze these directly. Chief 
members of this group are ether, chloroform, opium, 
aconite, chloral, lobelia, and belladonna. 



12 VETERINARY MATEEIA MEDICA. 

Cerebral-Excitants increase the functional ac- 
tivity of the cerebrum without causing any subse- 
quent depression or suspension of brain function, as 
camphor, cannabis indica, valerian, cocaine. 

Cerebral Depressants suspend or lower the 
functions of the higher brain after a preliminary 
stage of excitement. This group includes the nar- 
cotics, the general anaesthetics, the hypnotics, and 
some of the antispasmodics. The action of these is 
first to stimulate the cerebral functions and then after 
a time to produce stupor, coma, and insensibility, as 
alcohol in large doses, opium, bromides, chloral, 
etc. 

Deliriants excite the functional activity of the 
brain to such a degree as to disorder the mental facul- 
ties. This produces intellectual confusion, loss of 
will power, delirium, and sometimes convulsions. 
These agents include belladonna, stramonium, hyos- 
cyamus, chloral, etc. 

Narcotics are agents which lessen the relationship 
of the individual to the outside world (Brunton). 
They at first excite the higher brain, but soon cause 
a profound sleep, characterized by increasing stupor; 
and if the dose has been large enough, coma, insen- 
sibility, and finally death by paralysis of the centres 
of respiration and other functions of organic life. 
The chief narcotics are opium, cannabis indica, alco- 
hol, belladonna, chloral, chloroform, ether, etc. 

Hypnotics are agents which produce sleep without 
causing any preliminary cerebral excitement, as the 
bromides, paraldehyde, chloralamid, etc. 



INTRODUCTION. 13 

Analgesics or Anodynes are agents which re- 
lieve pain. This is accomplished in two ways — 
either by impairing the conductivity of the sensory 
nerve fibres, or by depression of the cerebral centres 
of perception and sensation. Opium acts in both 
ways at the same time, and is therefore the most 
powerful member of this group. 

Anodynes are divided into General Anodynes 
and Local Anodynes. 

The General Anodynes are taken internally and 
so act upon the entire organism, as opium, bella- 
donna, henbane, aconite, ether, and chloroform. 

Local Anodynes affect the part to which they are 
applied, generally by direct action upon the nerve 
endings in the skin and sometimes by reducing the 
local circulation. These include opium, belladonna, 
carbolic acid, cocaine, veratrine, aconite, chloroform, 
etc. 

Anesthetics are agents which temporarily de- 
stroy sensation. 

The General Anaesthetics are volatile substances 
which when inhaled produce more or less complete 
unconsciousness and loss of sensation (ansesthesia) , 
and also decreased motor power. 

Local Anaesthetics act like the local anodynes but 
destroy sensation temporarily, while the local ano- 
dynes only lessen sensation temporarily — that is, at 
the part applied. 

Chief General Anaesthetics : Ether, methylic 
ether, chloroform, nitrous oxide, methylene and ethy- 
lene bichlorides. 



14 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

Chief Local Anaesthetics : Application of extreme 
cold, ice, ether spray, cocaine, carbolic acid, creo- 
sote, hydrocyanic acid, and oil of turpentine. 

Antispasmodics are agents which relieve or pre- 
vent spasms of voluntary or involuntary muscle in 
any part of the organism. Their specific modes of 
action are classed in five divisions : 

1. By tonic stimulation of nerve centres, coordina- 
tion, and circulation — as alcohol, ether, camphor. 

2. By direct depression of the motor centres — as 
amyl nitrite and the bromides. 

3. By paralyzing the end organs of the vasomotor 
nerves — as menthol. 

4. By stimulation of the muscular fibres of the 
intestines to expel gases and flatus — as valerian, asa- 
fcetida, and the aromatic oils. 

5. By direct depression of the vital functions — as 
aconite, lobelia, hellebore, and prussic acid. 

Coordination of Movement or maintenance of 
the equilibrium. The power which controls the ac- 
tions of the locomotory apparatus is disturbed by a 
certain class of drugs, especially alcohol. This func- 
tion is governed by the cerebellum, and in diseases 
affecting that part of the brain there is a lack of co- 
ordination. 

Agents Affecting the Organs of Special 

Sense. 

Mydriatics are agents which cause dilatation of 
the pupil of the eye. Some act only when applied 
locally, while others act only when taken internally. 



INTRODUCTION". 15 

The principal mydriatic, atropine, will act both lo- 
cally as well as internally. 

Myotics are agents which cause contraction of 
the pupil of the eye — as eserine, pilocarpine, and mor- 
phine. 

Ocular Sensibility is increased by strychnine, 
while impairment of vision (amblyopia) due to nerve 
changes may be temporarily induced by quinine; 
it may be permanent when caused by lead-poisoning 
or urea-poisoning. 

Excitability of the Auditory Nerve is in- 
creased by strychnine and morphine, which render 
the sense of hearing more acute ; while quinine, sali- 
cin, and antipyrine produce hypersemia of the audi- 
tory apparatus, and cause humming or buzzing 
sounds with diminished sense of hearing. 

The Sense of Smell is rendered more acute by 
strychnine, and depressed by all of the cerebral de- 
pressants. 

Agents Acting on Respiratory Apparatus. 

Respiratory Stimulants exalt the function of 
the respiratory centres in the medulla, which make 
the respirations quicker and deeper — as strychnine, 
digitalis, ammonia, ether. 

Respiratory Depressants lower the action of the 
respiratory centre, rendering the respirations slow and 
shallow — as opium in full doses, gclsemium, aconite, 
vera trine, conium, and chloral. 

Pulmonary Sedatives relieve cough and dysp- 



16 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDIC A. 

noea by decreasing the irritability of the respiratory 
centre or by decreasing the irritability of the respira- 
tory nerves — as opium, hydrocyanic acid, cannabis 
indica, codeine, and amyl nitrite. 

Expectorants are agents which modify the bron- 
cho-pulmonary mucous secretion and promote its ex- 
pulsion. They are divided into Nauseating Ex- 
pectorants and Stimulant Expectorants. 

Nauseating Expectorants in small doses increase 
osmosis from the inflamed mucous membrane, while 
large doses cause vomiting and the mechanical ex- 
pulsion of the mucus. They also increase secretion 
generally and lower blood pressure — as ipecacuan- 
ha, lobelia, jaborandi, and the antimonial salts. 

Stimulant Expectorants. — These are eliminated 
from the system mainly by the bronchial mucous 
membranes, which they stimulate in this way, alter- 
ing the secretion and facilitating expulsion. They 
increase blood pressure and diminish secretion 
generally — as the ammonium salts, squills, senega, 
the turpentines, and balsams of Peru and tolu. 

Ciliary Excitants promote expulsion of the bron- 
chial mucus by reflex excitation of the tracheal and 
bronchial cilia when dissolved in the mouth. This 
group includes potassium chlorate and the chlorides 
of ammonium and sodium. 

Agents Acting on the Circulation. 

Cardiac Stimulants are such agents as rapidly 
increase the force and frequency of the pulse in de- 



INTKODUCTION. 17 

pressed conditions of the cardiac apparatus. The 
most rapid and energetic of this class are ether, alco- 
hol, ammonia, and the application of heat. 

Cardiac Tonics stimulate the cardiac muscle, 
slowing and lengthening the contractions if given in 
moderate doses; but in large doses produce irregu- 
larity of the heart's action and may cause death by 
syncope if toxic doses have been given. The most 
powerful of this class is digitalis, then convallaria, 
and strophanthus. Also caffeine and strychnine. 

Cardiac Sedatives decrease both force and fre- 
quency of the heart's action, and are used to control 
palpitation and over-action of that organ. The chief 
members of this class are aconite, veratrum viride, 
and digitalis. 

Vascular Stimulants dilate the peripheral ves- 
sels and increase the peripheral circulation; this 
equalizes blood pressure and so prevents and relieves 
internal congestions — as alcohol, ether, nitrites, ni- 
trous ether, liquor ammonii acetatis, and heat ap- 
plied locally by poultices. 

Vascular Tonics and Sedatives increase the 
contractile power of the arterioles, which decreases 
the capillary circulation and raises blood pressure — as 
ergot, digitalis, opium in small doses, and cold ap- 
plied locally. 

Agents Acting on the Digestive Apparatus. 

Sialogogues are agents which promote the secre- 
tion and flow of saliva — as ether, chloroform, mus- 

2 



18 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

tard, ginger, pilocarpus, ipecac, mercurials, and anti- 
monials. 

Antisialics diminish the secretions of the salivary 
and buccal glands — as atropine, opium, borax, alka- 
line salts, and lithia. 

Refrigerants impart a sensation of coldness and 
thereby allay thirst. These include the mineral and 
vegetable acids, ice, and cold water. 

Gastric Tonics or Stomachics increase the appe- 
tite and promote gastric digestion. Some act by 
stimulating the production of the gastric juice, as the 
alkalies before meals; others stimulate the local cir- 
culation, as the aromatic oils, bitters, and alcohol; 
and some by stimulation of the nerve supply of the 
stomach, as nux vomica and arsenic. 

Acids are agents which in concentrated form act 
as caustics and destroy the tissues ; but when prop- 
erly diluted and given internally in medicinal doses 
check the production of glands having an acid secre- 
tion if coming in contact with the mouths of their 
ducts, and increase the production of glands having 
an alkaline secretion. Therefore a dilute acid given 
before a meal will check the production of the acid 
gastric juice, but will stimulate the alkaline pan- 
creatic juice. Principal acids — Mineral: Nitric, 
phosphoric, sulphuric, and hydrochloric. Vegetable : 
Acetic, citric, and benzoic. 

Alkalies, or Antacids, are agents which neutra- 
lize acids, act as escharotics upon the tissues, check 
alkaline and stimulate acid secretions when in contact 
with the mouths of the ducts of glands producing 



INTK0DUCTI0N. 19 

these. Thus a dilute alkali given before a meal will 
stimulate the production of the acid gastric juice, 
and check the secretion of the alkaline pancreatic 
juice. Antacids are subdivided into two classes: 

Direct Antacids.— These lessen acidity within 
the stomach — as liquor potassae, lime water, liquor 
sodae, chalk, carbonates and bicarbonates of K, Na, 
Li, Mg, and NH 4 , and aromatic spirit of ammonia. 

Indirect or Remote Antacids. — These become 
oxidized in the blood, are excreted in the urine as 
carbonates, and in this way lessen the acidity of the 
urine; as liquor sodse, lithium citrate, liquor potassae, 
potassium acetate, citrate, tartrate, and bitartrate, so- 
dium acetate and citrate, carbonates and bicarbonates 
of K, Na, Li, Mg, and N H 4 . 

Emetics are agents which cause vomiting. They 
are classed as : 

Local Emetics, which act by irritating the end 
organs of the gastric, oesophageal, or pharyngeal 
nerves, and by reflex irritation of the vomiting cen- 
tre — as alum, mustard, salt, and the sulphates of zinc, 
copper, and mercury. 

General or Systemic Emetics, which act by direct 
irritation of the vomiting centre in the medulla 
through the medium of the circulation — as ipecac, 
apomorphine, and tartar emetic. 

Anti-Emetics are agents which prevent and re- 
lieve vomiting. They are classed as : 

Local Gastric Sedatives, which act upon the end 
organs of the gastric nerves — as arsenic, bismuth, 
cocaine, ice, etc. 



20 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

General Sedatives, which act by reducing irri- 
tability of the vomiting centre in the medulla — as 
amyl nitrite, chloral, bromides, hydrocyanic acid, 
and nitroglycerin. 

Carminatives favor the expulsion of gases from 
the stomach and intestines by stimulating peristalsis 
and the circulation — as asafoetida, capsicum, fennel, 
camphor, ginger, mustard, pepper, and most of the 
aromatic oils. 

Cathartics or Purgatives are agents which in- 
crease or hasten the intestinal evacuations. They are 
divided into several groups, according to degrees and 
modes of action : Laxatives or aperients, simple pur- 
gatives, drastic purgatives, saline purgatives, hydra- 
gogue purgatives, cholagogue purgatives. 

1. Laxatives or Aperients, whose action is only 
moderate — as sulphur, magnesia. 

2. Simple Purgatives, which cause active peri- 
stalsis and some irritation and griping. These in- 
clude aloes, linseed oil, castor oil, rhubarb, calomel, 
and senna. 

3. Drastic Purgatives act still more powerfully 
than the simple purgatives. They cause large watery 
evacuations, with considerable griping and tenesmus. 
The chief members of this group are croton oil, gam- 
boge, scammony, elaterium, colocynth, and jalap. 

4. Saline Purgatives increase peristalsis, pro- 
mote osmosis, stimulate the glands, and thus produce 
free watery evacuations. These include Epsom salt, 
Glauber salt, chloride of sodium, etc. 

5. Hydragogue Purgatives are the most active 



INTRODUCTION. 21 

of all the cathartics. They remove from the system a 
large quantity of water — as croton oil and gamboge. 

6. Cholagogue Purgatives stimulate the flow of 
bile. These include aloes, podophyllin, rhubarb, and 
mercurials. 

Intestinal Astringents contract the intestinal 
vessels, diminishing the exudation therefrom, and les- 
sening the fluidity of the fecal discharges. These 
include the diluted mineral acids, lead acetate, alum, 
tannic and gallic acids, sulphate of copper, and the 
per-salts of iron, which also act as astringents to the 
intestinal mucous membranes. 

Cholagogues and Hepatic Stimulants. — 
These are two groups of agents which have a marded 
selective action upon the biliary secretion. 

The Hepatic Stimulants increase the functional 
activity of the liver cells and also increaset he amount 
of bile secreted. Nitric acid, nitromuriatic acid, am- 
monium chloride, bicarbonate of soda, ipecac, and 
antimony. 

Cholagogues remove the bile from the duodenum 
and prevent its reabsorption by the portal vessels. 
Aloes, arsenic, rhubarb, sodium phosphate, and 
sulphate. 

Hepatic functions other than the biliary are stimu- 
lated by the following-named drugs, viz. : 

The Glycogenic Function is stimulated and the 
production of glycogen increased by sodium bicar- 
bonate, amyl nitrite, and nitromuriatic acid. 

Urea is increased by arsenic, antimony, ammo- 
nium chloride, iron, and phosphorus. 



22 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

Hepatic Depressants decrease the functional ac- 
tivity of the liver. Its various functions are acted 
upon by different drugs: Bile production decreased 
by opium, quinine, alcohol, and lead. Glycogen pro- 
duction decreased by opium, phosphorus, and arsenic. 
Urea decreased by opium, morphine, colchicum, alco- 
hol, and quinine. 

Anthelmintics are agents which destroy (vermi- 
cides) or expel (vermifuges) worms inhabiting the in- 
testinal canal. These are classed according to the 
particular worm they are most efficient against; 
thus: 

Thread-worm : Enemata of alum, sulphate of iron, 
lime water. 

Round-worm : Santonin, areca nut, chenopodium, 
sulphate of copper, etc., internally, combined with a 
purgative. 

Strongylus micrurus (of sheep) : Injections of tur- 
pentine intratracheally. 

Tape-worm : Filix mas, kamala, kousso, grana- 
tum, turpentine, and chloroform. 

Agents Affecting Metabolism. 

Restoratives are agents which promote construc- 
tive metamorphosis. They may be subdivided into 
foods, haematics, and tonics ; many stimulants are also 
classed as restoratives. 

Foods supply material to maintain the vital proc- 
esses or to renew some structure of the body. 

Haematics enrich the quality of the blood by in- 



INTRODUCTION. 23 

creasing the quantity of its hssmatin. The best 
known hsematics are compounds of iron and manga- 
nese. 

Tonics improve the tone of the tissues on which 
they have specific action, increasing the vigor of the 
entire system — as strychnine, quinine, iron, and the 
vegetable bitters. 

Alteratives are agents which alter the course of 
morbid conditions, modifying the nutritive processes 
while promoting waste, and in this manner indirectly 
helping to relieve from disease. Mercury, arsenic, 
iodine, and their preparations are typical alteratives. 

Resolvents or Disctjtients promote the absorp- 
tion of morbid products by stimulating the lymphatic 
system. These include mercury, cadmium, iodine, 
arsenic, and such local measures as poulticing and 
counter-irritation. 

Antipyretics reduce high bodily temperature. 
This may be accomplished by five different methods, 
viz. : 

1st. By diminishing tissue change — quinine, anti- 
pyrine, salicin. 

2d. By reducing the circulation — aconite, digitalis, 
antimony. (N. B. : These two lessen heat produc- 
tion.) 

3d. By dilating cutaneous vessels, which increases 
heat radiation — alcohol, sweet spirits of nitre. 

4th. By promoting perspiration, its evaporation 
lowering the temperature — antipyrine, nitrous ether, 
antimony. 

5th. By abstracting heat from the body — cold 



24 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

baths, wet pack, cold drinks. (N.B. : These last three 
promote heat loss.) 

Antiphlogistics include all measures adopted to 
reduce inflammation, whether medicine internally or 
local applications — mercury, opium, aconite, digi- 
talis, ergot, venesection, purgation, counter-irritation, 
cold, ice, rest, etc. 

Antiperiodics, agents which check or prevent the 
return of various periodically recurring diseases — ■ 
quinine, arsenic, salicin, eucalyptol. 

Agents Acting on Excretion. 

Diuretics increase the activity of the kidneys, 
stimulating them to excrete the urine more rapidly — 
spiritus setheris nitrosi, digitalis, etc. 

Renal Depressants decrease the activity of the 
renal cells, and diminish or suspend the excretion of 
urine — morphine, quinine, ergot. 

Urinary Alkalizers, when taken internally, 
cause the urine to have an alkaline reaction — alka- 
lies, salts of potassium and lithium. 

Urinary Acidifiers render the urine of an acid 
reaction — benzoic and salicylic acids. 

Vesical Tonics stimulate the contractile power of 
the bladder by increasing the tone of the muscular 
fibre composing the walls of that organ — strychnine, 
cantharis, belladonna. 

Vesical Sedatives relieve irritability of the blad- 
der and decrease the desire to micturate — opium, 
cannabis, belladonna. 



INTKODUCTION. 25 

Urinary Sedatives relieve irritability along the 
entire urinary tract through the medium of the urine, 
which holds them in solution, coming in contact 
with the genito-urinary mucous membrane — potas- 
sium and lithium salts, cubebs, copaiba, sandalwood 
oil. 

Antilithics and Lithontriptics are agents 
which prevent the formation of concretions in the 
ducts (antilithics), or dissolve these when already 
formed (lithontriptics) — salts of potash and lithia for 
uric-acid calculi; lactic acid, dilute nitromuriatic 
acid, for oxalate of calcium calculi ; benzoic acid, di- 
lute nitric acid, for phosphatic calculi. 

A Diluent is an indifferent substance, which when 
absorbed passes through the body, diluting its fluids 
and excretions — as water. 

Diaphoretics and Sudorifics increase the action 
of the skin and promote the sweating. They are di- 
vided into three groups : 

1. Simple diaphoretics enter the circulation and 
stimulate the sudoriferous glands during their elimi- 
nation — as jaborandi, nitrous ether, alcohol. 

2. Nauseating diaphoretics produce relaxation and 
dilatation of the capillaries; as tartar emetic, Dover's 
powder, ipecac, hot baths. 

3. Refrigerant diaphoretics reduce the force of the 
circulation — as ammonium and potassium salts, aco- 
nite, ether, nitrites. 

Anhidrotics check perspiration — atropine, ergot, 
acids; and locally, cold, opium, etc. 



26 VETERINARY MATERIA MEPICA, 



Agents Acting on the Generative Apparatus. 

Aphrodisiacs stimulate the sexual desire and 
function by direct and reflex action upon the genital 
centres in the brain and spinal cord — nux vomica, 
cannabis, cantharis, phosphorus. 

Anaphrodisiacs diminish the sexual appetite and 
lower its functional power by depressing the genital 
centres or by decreasing the local circulation — co- 
caine, belladonna, lupulin, bromides. 

Emmenagogues include all measures and remedies 
which restore the menstrual function. They are di- 
vided into : 

Direct Emmenagogues, which stimulate the uter- 
ine muscular fibres and are ecbolic in large doses — 
ergot, rue, savine, borax, quinine, potassium perman- 
ganate. 

Indirect Emmenagogues, which act by improving 
the blood and toning up the nervous system — iron, 
manganese, strychnine, cod-liver oil. 

Ecbolics or Oxytocics are agents which produce 
abortion by stimulating the gravid uterus to contract, 
or by direct irritation of the uterine centre in the 
cord — ergot, savine, borax, quinine, pilocarpine, cot- 
ton-root bark. 

Any violent purgative or gastro-intestinal irritant 
may produce abortion by reflex action. 

Uterine Depressants lower the activity of the 
nervo-muscular apparatus by controlling uterine con- 



INTRODUCTION". 27 

tractions — opium, cannabis, bromides, chloral, chloro- 
form. 

Uterine Tonics and Alteratives are remedies 
which act upon the nutrition and functions of the 
uterus. 

Uterine Tonics: Potassium bromide, viburnum 
opulus, potassium chlorate, viburnum prunifolium, 
helonias, cimicifuga, Pulsatilla, iodine. Also astrin- 
gents locally. 

Uterine Alteratives : Iodine, iodoform, iodol, io- 
dized phenol or carbolated iodine, glycerin, hydras- 
tis, silver nitrate, galvanism. 

Galactagogues increase the lacteal secretion — 
jaborandi. 

Galactophyga decrease or check the lacteal se- 
cretion — belladonna or atropine locally and internally. 

Agents Acting on the Skin. 

Irritants are agents which, on application to the 
skin, cause more or less vascular excitement, and are 
called counter-irritants when used for exciting a re- 
flex action upon some part of the organism remote 
from the place of application. They are divided into 
three groups, according to the severity of their ac- 
tion — viz., Rubefacients, epispastics or blisters, pus- 
tulants. 

Rubefacients cause only a redness of the skin. 
Mustard, capsicum, camphor, iodine, turpentine. 

Epispastics, Vesicants, or Blisters produce 
marked inflammation of the skin and an outpouring 



28 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

of serum between the derma and epidermis, thus 
constituting the blisters — cantharides, euphorbium, 
mezereon. 

Pustulants cause pustules and usually affect only 
isolated parts of the skin — croton oil, tartar emetic, 
silver nitrate. 

Caustics or Escharotics are agents which de- 
stroy the tissues to which they are applied, by ab- 
stracting the water from these tissues or by corrosive 
oxidation — caustic potash, lime, zinc chloride, silver 
nitrate, mineral acids. 

Astringents cause contraction of muscular fibre 
and lessen secretion from mucous surfaces. 

Systemic Astringents act on the internal organs 
through the circulation — viz., gallic acid. 

Local Astringents act upon the part to which 
they are applied — tannin, alum, salts of copper, lead, 
zinc, per-salts of iron. 

Styptics are local applications intended for check- 
ing bleeding — as astringents of all kinds, cold, ice, etc. 

Hemostatics are agents given internally to stop 
hemorrhage — dilute mineral acids, gallic acid, ergot, 
digitalis, lead acetate, and oil of turpentine. 

Emollients and Demulcents are substances cal- 
culated to soften, soothe, and protect tissues to which 
they are applied. 

Emollients are applied to act externally — as oils, 
fats, vaseline, starch, glycerin, flaxseed, or other 
poultices. 

Demulcents are used for the same purpose inter- 
nally. 



INTRODUCTION. 29 

Protectives are substances applied to cover or 
protect an injured or inflamed part to exclude air, 
dust, water and to prevent friction. 

Agents Acting on Microbes, Parasites, etc. 

Antizymotics, agents which prevent and check all 
organic fermentative processes, also those dependent 
upon organized ferments (bacteria, cocci, etc.) . They 
are divided into two groups, viz. : 

Antiseptics, which destroy the bacilli which cause 
septic decomposition — as mercuric chloride, hydrogen 
dioxide, formalin, mercurous chloride, hydronaph- 
thol, sulphurous acid, quinine, thymol, carbolic acid, 
alcohol, and many others. 

Disinfectants are agents which destroy the germs 
of infectious diseases. Some of these are oxidizanc? 
— lime, chlorine, iodine; some are desulphurants — 
as sulphate of iron; absorbents — as charcoal; de- 
odorants — as ozone, lime, chlorine, and sulphurous 
acid gases, which destroy the bad odors while also 
disinfecting. 

Parasiticides are agents which destroy animal 
and vegetable parasites living upon the body. They 
are applied usually as lotions and ointments and con- 
tain sulphur, iodine, mercury and its chlorides, car- 
bolic acid, preparations of tar, etc. 

Agents Acting upon Each Other. 

Antidotes are agents which act upon poisons in 
"iXioh n manner ^s tc present them from exerting their 



30 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

toxic properties. This takes place in the alimentary 
canal, and includes such measures as emetics, stom- 
ach-pump, purgatives, etc. 

Antagonists are agents whose action counteracts 
the effects produced by poisons upon the organism. 
This action takes place within the blood and tis- 
sues, and is applicable mostly to vegetable poisons. 
This may include artificial respiration, electric treat- 
ment, cold douches, motion, rest, etc. 



TABLE OF DOSES. 31 



TABLE OF DOSES 

Horse. Cattle 

3 years up = 1 = 2 years up. 

1-i years to 3 years = £ = 1 year to 2 years 

9 months to 18 months = i = \ year to 1 year. 

4-J months to 9 months = \ = 3 months to 6 months 

1 month to 4£ months = ^ = 1 month to 3 months. 

Sheep. Dog. 

2 years up = 1 =$ year to 1 year up. 
1 year to 2 years = £ = 3 months to 6 months. 
$ year to 1 year = £ = 1J months to 3 months. 
3 months to 6 months = £ = 20 days to 45 days. 
1 month to 3 months = ^ = 10 days to 20 days. 

Pig and Goat. 

1-J years up = 1 If cattle and horses take 16, 

9 months to 18 months = \ The pig takes 3, 

4£ months to 9 months = £ The goat takes 3, 

2£ months to 4£ months = \ The dog takes 1, 

1 month to 2 months = ^ The cat takes \. 

The dose for the adult dog = the dose for adult man. 
Fluids, for cattle usually the same dose as for the horse. 
Solids, for cattle usually \\ times the dose for the horse. 



32 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 



RESTORATIVE AGENTS. 

All agents producing constructive metamorphosis 
of tissue are included in this division — as the diges- 
tive ferments which aid digestion, foods, tonics, hae- 
matics; also a number of the so-called stimulants. 

Digestive Ferments. 

Pepsin and pancreatin, both organic substances, 
are the most important of these; papain, papaw or 
papayotin, a ferment obtained from the milky juice 
of papaya carica, a South American fruit-tree. 

Pepsin is an organic ferment which constitutes the 
digestive principle of the gastric juice of animals. 
It is usually obtained from the mucous membrane of 
the pig's stomach. 

Pancreatin is obtained from the pancreas of ani- 
mals and contains four ferments — viz., trypsin, pan- 
creatic diastase, an emulsifying and a milk-curdling 
ferment. 

Preparations. 

Pepsinum Purum, pure pepsin, in yellowish trans- 
lucent scales soluble in water. Dose: H., gr. xv.- 
3i.; D., gr. i.-iij. 

Pepsinum Saccharatum (U. 8. P.), saccharated 
pepsin, is a mixture of pure pepsin with sugar of 
milk. Dose: H., 3 ij.-vi. ; D., gr. v.- 3 ss., after 
feeding. 



RESTORATIVE AGENTS. 83 

Liquor Pepsini (U. S. P.), solution of pepsin, li- 
quid pepsin. Dose: D., fl. 3i.-ij. (Contains sac- 
charated pepsin 40, hydrochloric acid 12, glycerin 
400, water enough to make 1,000.) 

Extr actum Pancreaticus, or pancreatin, which 
should contain the four pancreatic ferments. Doses: 
H., 3 ss.-iss. ; D., gr. iij.-v. 

Lactopeptin, a powder containing pepsin, pan- 
creatin, diastase, lactic acid, and hydrochloric acid. 
Dose: D., gr. v.-xv. 

Incompatibles. — Alkalies and many mineral salts 
precipitate pepsin, while alcohol destroys its activ- 
ity. Alkalies promote the action of pancreatin. 

Physiological Action. — Pepsin digests the pro- 
teids or nitrogenous principles of the food (albumin, 
casein, fibrin, etc.), converting these into peptones for 
assimilation. Pancreatin, in addition to this, also 
emulsifies the fats and oils, and may be itself digested 
by pepsin ; hence it but seldom reaches the duodenum 
in its original form. Papain is a powerful digester 
of fibrin and will act in solutions of any reaction, 
while pepsin requires an acid solution. 

Therapeutics. — The internal use of pepsin and 
pancreatin is limited to young herbivora while receiv- 
ing milk, and to dogs or other carnivora. 

Pepsin is beneficial in atonic dyspepsia, gastralgia, 
anaemia, chlorosis, and the diarrhoea of calves, foals, 
and dogs. It may be added to nutritive enemata to 
assist in their assimilation, the rectum not being 
a digestive organ. Acidulated solutions may be 
injected into the substance of morbid growths, 
3 



34 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

especially fatty tumors; also to dissolve out the 
secretive membrane of quittor pipes and similar 
fistulse. 

Pancreatin and its preparations are used to partly 
digest milk, gruel, soups, and other foods before ad- 
ministration in cases where there is great digestive 
debility. All nutritive enemata should be properly 
peptonized before use. 

Papain is a rapid solvent of false membranes and 
intestinal worms, but is very seldom given internally, 
as it might digest the gastric mucous membrane it- 
self. It has been successfully used for the destruc- 
tion of various tumors, but causes considerable pain 
and febrile reaction. 

Mineral Acids. 

Acidum Sulphuricum Dilutum, strength T V H., 
fl. 3i.-ij.; D., m x.-xx. 

Acidum Sulphuricum Aromaticum, elixir of vit- 
riol, aromatic sulphuric acid, strength ^. Contains 
sulphuric acid, alcohol, ginger, and cinnamon. 
This preparation is really an ether resulting from the 
reaction of the sulphuric acid upon the alcohol. H., 
fl. 3ss.-i. ; D., m v.-x. 

Acidum Hydrochloricum Dihdum, contains ten 
per cent, absolute acid. H., fl. 3 i.-ij. ; D., % x.-xx. 

Acidum Nitricum Dilutum, strength £. H., 
fl. 1 i.-ij.; D., fU x.-xx. 

Acidum Nitro-HydrocJdoricum (Dilutum), con- 
tains nitric acid 4, hydrochloric acid 15, water 76. 
H., fl. 3 i.-ij. ; D., m x.-xx. 



KESTOKATIVE AGENTS. 35 

Acidum Phosphoricum Dilutum, strength |. H., 
fl. 3 i.— ij. ; D., tti x.-xx. 

These dilute acids should be given well diluted. 

Sulphuric Acid, acidum sulphuricum, oil of vitriol 
— HJS0 4 — is produced by the burning of sulphur and 
the oxidation and hydration of the resulting sulphur- 
ous acid gas by means of nitrous and aqueous vapors. 
It is a thick, oily-looking, colorless, odorless liquid, of 
an intensely acid taste and strong acid reaction. 
Specific gravity, 1.843. It absorbs moisture from 
the air, and when mixed with water it evolves 
heat. 

Muriatic Acid, acidum hydrochloricum, spirit of 
salt — HC1. A clear, colorless, intensely sour liquid, 
having a strong acid reaction, and specific gravity 
1.16. It emits white, pungent fumes of the gas 
which forms about thirty-two per cent, by weight 
of the solution. Obtained mostly as a by-product in 
the manufacture of sodium carbonate from common 
salt. 

Mtric Acid, acidum nitricum, aqua fortis, HN0 3 . 
A clear, colorless, corrosive, intensely sour liquid, 
which emits pungent, suffocating, nitrous fumes, 
and oxidizes, corrodes, and dissolves most organic 
substances. It has great affinity for water and 
evolves heat when mixed with this. Nitric acid 
is prepared from sodium or potassium nitrate, sul- 
phuric acid, and water. It contains about sev- 
enty per cent, of true nitric acid, and has the specific 
gravity 1.42. 

Nitro-Hydrochloric Acid, acidum nitromuriaticum, 



36 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

aqua regia. This is a mixture of the nitric and hy- 
drochloric acids, but in its full strength is used only 
in the arts. 

Phosphoric Acid, acidum phosphoricum, H 3 P0 4 . 
Concentrated phosphoric acid is obtained by. heating 
phosphorus with dilute nitric acid until nitrous fumes 
no longer come off ; the resulting compound is then 
diluted with water till its specific gravity is 1.5. It 
requires about thirty-three per cent, of water. Con- 
centrated phosphoric acid is a clear, colorless, acid, 
syrupy liquid, and in its purity is not used medicin- 
ally. 

Physiological Actions of the Mineral Acids. 

The strong acids are corrosive irritant poisons if 
given internally, unless properly diluted and in proper 
quantity. Medicinal doses are refrigerant, antisep- 
tic, tonic, and astringent. Externally: Stimulant, 
astringent, and escharotic. They abstract water 
from the tissues, combine with bases to form salts, 
destroy protoplasm, and are very diffusible. Sul- 
phuric acid carbonizes (black) ; nitric acid tans (yel- 
low) . When in contact with the mouths of ducts 
having an alkaline secretion this is produced in in- 
creased quantity, while if in contact with the mouths 
of ducts having an acid secretion this latter is de- 
creased. Secretion in general is promoted by nitric 
acid, and decreased by sulphuric acid — nitric acid 
aiding peristalsis, sulphuric acid producing constipa- 
tion. Muriatic acid aids digestion and stimulates 
mucous and intestinal secretions, especially when com- 



RESTORATIVE AGENTS. 3? 

bined with bitters. All of the mineral acids tend 
to check fermentation and aid in digestion. If con- 
tinued for too long a time they lessen the production 
of gastric juice, and thus impair digestion. Phos- 
phoric acid is the most agreeable of the mineral acids 
and is not so apt to derange digestion if given for a 
longer period. The mineral acids are excreted mainly 
by the kidneys, diminishing the alkalinity or increas- 
ing the normal acidity of the urine. 

Toxic doses of the mineral acids produce violent 
gastro-enteritis ; lips, mouth, and fauces are highly 
inflamed and swollen; respiration more labored as 
the swelling of the throat increases ; pulse weak and 
quick; great abdominal pain, increasing prostration, 
and death in from three to twelve hours. 

Post-mortem examination shows throughout the 
entire gastro-intestinal tract dark-colored patches of 
corrosion, and occasionally perforations. 

Antidotes. — Alkaline carbonates or bicarbonates, 
or chalk to neutralize the acid ; stomach-pump when 
practicable; oil, albumen, or milk to protect the mu- 
cous membranes; stimulants, opium, ammonia intra- 
venously to counteract the depression of the vital 
powers. 

Therapeutics. — The mineral acids are used in 
chronic diarrhoea and dysentery, the sulphuric acid 
combined with laudanum given in starch, gruel, or 
mucilage. Influenza — especially the sulphuric with 
quinine sulphate. Equine purpura — the sulphuric 
with iron sulphate. Hemorrhages, especially at 
parts remote from the stomach — the sulphuric with 



38 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDIC A. 

or without ergot. Irritable or ulcerated sore throat 
— either the sulphuric or hydrochloric, well diluted, 
as a drink. Atonic dyspepsia — hydrochloric with 
or without pepsin and bitters, given after feeding, 
except when there is acidity of the stomach. Acid- 
ity of the stomach — hydrochloric or, phosphoric in 
small doses before feeding. Torpidity of liver, 
chronic hepatitis — hydrochloric, nitric, or best of 
all, nitro-hydrochloric. Fevers — sulphuric with 
magnesium sulphate; for typhoid cases the hydro- 
chloric is preferable. Intermittent and remittent 
fevers — nitric acid in full doses. Lead-poisoning 
— the sulphuric, to form the insoluble lead sulphate. 
General debility, convalescence — the sulphuric, 
with iron sulphate and mix vomica. 

Local Uses. — For ulcers, nitric acid as an 
escharotic. Also to destroy warts, fungous and ma- 
lignant growths which cannot be otherwise conve- 
niently removed. As a wash, well diluted, in Mallen- 
der's and chronic eczema. Irregular, sinuous, and 
poisoned wounds, the sulphuric acid or the black oil 
(sulphuric acid 1, spirit of turpentine 4, linseed oil 
16), which is a convenient application to contract and 
remove umbilical hernia. 

Foot-rot in sheep — the hydrochloric acid. A 
powerful astringent and styptic — Warren's styptic 
(sulphuric acid 5, spirit of turpentine 4, alcohol 4). 

Oils and Fats. 

The fixed oils and fats principally used in veteri- 
nary practice are : Adeps — lard ; Oleum Morrhuai — 



RESTORATIVE AGENTS. 39 

cod-liver oil ; Oleum Adipis — lard oil ; Oleum Gos- 
sypii Seminis — cotton-seed oil ; Oleum Olivce — olive 
oil; Lanolinum — lanolin, sheep's wool fat; Oleum 
Theobromce — cacao butter. 

Oleum Tiglii — croton oil; Oleum Bicini — castor 
oil; Oleum Lini — linseed oil. These three, being 
used mostly for their cathartic qualities, are classed 
with the evacuents. 

Composition: Excepting cod-liver oil, all of the 
oils contain olein, stearin, and margarin in varying 
proportions — the olein giving fluidity, the stearin 
solidity. 

Cod-Liver Oil is obtained from the fresh liver of 
the Gadus morrhua and other species of Gadus. It 
contains olein and margarin, gaduin (a principle pe- 
culiar to itself), propylamin, bile constituents, and 
traces of sulphuric and phosphoric acids, bromine, 
iodine, phosphorus, iron, lime, and magnesia. Three 
varieties are found in the market, of which the pale 
or white oil is the best, the two other darker varieties 
being of questionable utility. 

Linseed Oil contains a large proportion of vegeta- 
ble albumin, which coagulates on exposure to the air, 
thus making it a drying oil. This property is in- 
creased by boiling the oil. 

Lanolin is a cholesterin fat obtained from the 
washings of sheep's wool, and contains from twenty- 
five to thirty per cent, of water. It has a faint 
odor, and differs from other fats in that choles- 
terin takes the place of glycerin; hence it does not 
saponify with an alkali. It is not liable to become 



40 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

rancid, unites readily with more than its own weight 
of water, is perfectly neutral as a base, readily pene- 
trates the integument, carrying with it any medica- 
ment with which it is charged. 

Cotton-seed Oil is a bland oil expressed from the 
cotton seeds, and largely takes the place of olive oil, 
which is usually adulterated with it. 

Physiological Action.— Small quantities of fats 
and oils are said to be necessary for the digestion 
of nitrogenous foods, and to form the molecular basis 
of the chyle. Fat, which is an essential constituent 
of the products of tissue formation, is the main factor 
concerned in the production of force, and is prepared 
for assimilation by the action of the pancreatic juice 
and the bile. After oxidation fat is excreted as car- 
bonic acid and water. 

Therapeutics. — Olive oil, cotton-seed oil, and 
lard oil are nutrient, laxative, and emollient. The 
first two are occasionally given in doses of from one- 
half to two pints to horses and cattle as a cathartic ; 
for the same purpose in the dog from two to three 
fluidounces. They are also used to form the body of 
many liniments, i.e., as " Hartshorn liniment " (aqua 
ammonia 30, cotton-seed oil 70). The fats and oils 
are applied locally by inunction in chronic wasting 
diseases and in scaly skin diseases. In scrofulous 
conditions cod-liver oil is given internally, and also 
externally by inunction. Dose: H., fl. § i.-ij. ; C, 
fl. 1 ij.-iv. ; D., fl. 3 i.-iv. It is very serviceable as 
an aid in convalescence from catarrh, influenza, or 
other debilitating disease, and may be advanta- 



EESTORATIVE AGENTS. 41 

geously given in broken wind in the horse, in chronic 
rheumatic disorders, chorea, and epilepsy. A very 
convenient preparation, when the pure oil is undesir- 
able, is made by shaking together in a bottle equal 
volumes of cod-liver oil and lime water. For chronic 
rough in the dog this last preparation two ounces, 
5md one ounce syrup of wild cherry bark ; give one to 
two teaspoonfuls three to four times daily. 

Ferrum — Iron. 

Iron and its salts were the first mineral substances 
used in medicine — now about three thousand years 
ago — its chief function in the animal economy as 
well as in nature being that of an oxygen carrier. 
Iron is a normal constituent of the blood (1 part in 
230 of red corpuscles) and tissues, where it exists as 
an oxide in combination with the hematin of the 
blood, and cannot exist in the blood without this. It 
is also present in bile, lymph, chyle, in the pigment 
of the eye, and in the gastric juice. Preparations of 
iron should be given in small doses, as but a small 
quantity is absorbed, and the rest is eliminated with 
the faeces, which are blackened as the result of the 
iron being transformed into a sulphide during its 
passage through the intestinal canal. 

Chief Preparations and Their Doses. 

Ferrum Reductum — iron reduced by hydrogen. 
This is a fine, grayish-black, lustreless powder, per- 
manent in air, odorless, tasteless, and insoluble in 
water or alcohol. Dose: H., 3 ij.-iv. ; D., gr. i.-v. 



42 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

Ferri Carbonas Saccharatus — saccharated car- 
bonate of iron. A greenish -gray powder, gradually 
oxidized by contact with air, having at first a sweet- 
ish taste, and a metallic or ferruginous after-taste. 
Neutral reaction, and but partly soluble in water; 
completely soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid, with 
evolution of H 2 C0 3 , forming a clear yellow liquid. 
It is prepared by mixing freshly prepared carbonate 
of iron with sugar, and should contain about thirty- 
five per cent, of the carbonate. Dose: H., 3 i.-iv. ; 
D., gr. ij.-x. 

Ferri Iodidum — iodide of iron. Greenish tabular 
crystals, which turn brownish-red on exposure to air. 
As it is very readily decomposed it is but seldom 
used except as the more stable compound. 

Syrupus Ferri lodidi — syrup of iodide of iron. 
This when properly prepared is a light green, clear 
syrup, and may be made extemporaneously as fol- 
lows: 

]$ lodi puri., 3xiij.-3i. 

Ferri pulv. , 3 vijss. 

Aquae dest. , § iij. 

Syr. simplicis, § xxix. 

Ft. syr. legeartis. Dose: H. fl. §ss.-ij. ; D., th, x.-xxx. 

This should be kept in the light, in small bottles, and 
a small iron nail placed in each to take up any iodine 
which may become free from time to time. 

Ferri Sulphas — green vitriol, copperas, sulphate 
of iron. Large pale-greenish prisms or lumps, efflor- 
escent and absorbing oxygen on exposure to air, odor- 
less, saline, styptic taste, acid reaction, soluble in 1.8 



RESTORATIVE AGENTS. 43 

parts of water, and insoluble in alcohol. Dose: H., 
3 i.-iij. ; D., gr. i.-iij. (Best given in aqueous solu- 
tion as it is very irritant and astringent.) 

Ferri Sulphas Exsiccatus — dried sulphate of iron, 
is the preceding salt deprived of its water of crystal- 
lization. The same in action, but the dose is only 
half of that given of the other. 

Ferri Perchloridum — per chloride of iron. Orange- 
yellow crystalline pieces, very deliquescent, odorless 
or but slight odor of hydrochloric acid, strongly styp- 
tic taste, and acid reaction. Freely soluble in water, 
alcohol, and ether. 

Liquor Ferri Perchloridi — solution of perchloride 
of iron, an aqueous solution containing thirty-eight 
per cent, of the salt. Dose: H., fl.3ss.-i.; D., 

TTl i.-v. 

Tinctura Ferri Chloridi — tincture of chloride of 
iron (liquor 35, alcohol 65). Dose: H., fl. 3 ij.- 1 i. ; 
D., TT[ v.-xx. 

Gossypium Hcemostaticum — styptic cotton, made 
by dipping absorbent cotton in water, squeezing out, 
then dipping it in a solution of chloride of iron, again 
squeezing out superfluous liquid and drying. . 

Medicinal Actions of the Iron Preparations. 

Iron carbonate is a mild chalybeate, especially used 
in canine practice, and is employed in the same dis- 
eases as the sulphate. 

Iron sulphate is a restorative tonic, and in larger 
doses astringent and irritant. Externally — stimu- 



44 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

lant, astringent, styptic, and antiseptic. Its irritant 
action is counteracted by galls, alkaline carbonates, 
and demulcents. It is given in anaemia, dysentery, 
diarrhoea, scrofula, relaxed mucous membranes, 
wasteful serous or bloody discharges, as diabetes, red 
water in cattle, purpura, and various forms of hemor- 
rhages. It antagonizes enlargement of spleen and 
liver, and has been given with good effect in chorea 
and epilepsy ; also in convalescence from debilitating 
diseases. It should not be given if the bowel is very 
irritable, and should not be continued for more than 
two weeks at a time, allowing a few days' interval 
without its administration before resuming. Give 
soon after feeding — never on empty stomach. 

Iodide of iron is a good tonic, alterative, and astrin- 
gent, and may be used the same as the sulphate, but 
is especially effective in polyuria, nasal gleet accom- 
panied by debility, and scrofulous and rheumatic 
swellings of the joints. 

Iron chloride is used in red water in cattle, farcy, 
purpura, and typhoid complaints ; distemper, loss of 
appetite from want of tone, hemorrhage in alimentary 
canal, and as an astringent and stimulant for the gen- 
ito-urinary mucous membranes. In erysipelas half- 
ounce doses of the tincture of iron have given most 
gratifying results. In sore throat give with chlorate 
of potash or muriate of ammonia. Diluted with wa- 
ter and injected per rectum to destroy ascarides. In 
the treatment of rheumatism in weak, debilitated ani- 
mals, alternate it with salicylic acid. Externally it 
is applied as antiseptic, astringent, and styptic. 



RESTORATIVE AGENTS. 45 

Massa Ferri Carbonatis — Vallet's mass, is a very- 
suitable preparation for the smaller domesticated 
animals. Dose for dog, gr. i.-v. It is prepared by- 
beating into a mass: Ferrous sulphate 100, sodium 
carbonate 110, honey 36, sugar 25, syrup and water a 
sufficient quantity to give proper consistence. 

Bismuthum — Bismuth. 

Chief Preparations. — Bismuthi Subcarbonas — 
bismuth subcarbonate ; Bismuthi Subnitras — bis- 
muth subnitrate. Doses: H., 3i.-iij.; D., gr. ij.-x. 
These salts of bismuth are heavy white powders, in- 
soluble in water or alcohol, and nearly so in the 
gastric juice. They act as local sedatives and astrin- 
gents to the stomach and intestines, relieving irrita- 
tion in dyspepsia and vomiting. They are frequently 
given in diarrhoea and dysentery, combined with tan- 
nin, opium, or catechu. 

Bismuthi Subiodidum — bismuth subiodide, a 
heavy, dark-red, insoluble powder, with very power- 
ful antiseptic and stimulant properties, is used only 
externally as a dressing for wounds, ulcers, etc. 

Arsenium or Arsenicum— Arsenic. 

Chief Preparations. — Acidum Arseniosum, 
Arsenious Acid, White Arsenic — a dull white pow- 
der, specific gravity 3.8, colorless, tasteless; sprinkled 
on red-hot coals it gives off a garlicky odor ; com- 
pletely volatilizes at 400° F. Sparingly soluble in 
alcohol and water (1:33), but its solubility is in- 



46 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

creased by acids and alkalies. Dose: H., gr. v.-x. ; 
D., g r - tWV after feeding. 

Liquor Potassii Arsenitis — solution of potassium 
arsenite, Fowler's solution, contains one per cent, of 
arsenious acid. It is prepared by heating in a flask: 
Potassium carbonate and arsenious acid, of each gr. 
lxxxvij; distilled water, Oi. Dose: H., fl. J ss.-i. ; 
D., "fll ij.-xv., after feeding. 

Physiological Action. — Arsenic is a powerful 
escharotic and excites violent inflammation locally ; 
given internally, it is a powerful irritant to the gas- 
trointestinal and bronchial mucous membranes, and 
should always be given after feeding. Small doses 
act as a stomachic tonic, promoting the appetite and 
digestion, increase cardiac action, respiratory power, 
and the secretions of the intestinal canals ; also stim- 
ulate intestinal peristalsis and increase the sexual 
appetite. Pull medicinal doses, if continued, cause 
oedema and itching of the eyelids, increased saliva, 
nausea, vomiting of mucus, diarrhoea or dysentery, 
enfeebled heart, soreness to the touch over epigas- 
tric region, itchy skin with small eruptions, jaun- 
dice, and albuminuria. Toxic doses produce colicky 
pains, vomiting, great thirst, dysentery, strang- 
ury, suppressed or bloody urine, rapid feeble heart, 
cold breath, and collapse. Post-mortem examination 
shows ecchymotic spots, erosions, softening of the 
gastro-intestinal mucous membranes, fatty degenera- 
tion of internal organs, especially kidney and liver; 
also congestion of lungs and bronchial mucous mem- 
branes. 



RESTORATIVE AGENTS. 47 

Treatment of Arsenical Poisoning. — The best an- 
tidote is the freshly-prepared hydrated oxide of iron* 
in the proportion of eight parts for every one part of 
the poison. When practicable, emetics or stomach- 
pump ; cathartics may also be given ; oil, milk, mu- 
cilaginous drinks, to protect the mucous membranes. 
Further treatment must necessarily be symptomatic. 

Therapeutics. — As a gastric tonic in dyspepsia 
and gastralgia. In chronic catarrhal diarrhoea, when 
partly digested food is passed. Chronic bronchial 
and pulmonary affections. As an alterative in the 
early stages of tuberculosis and farcy. In rheuma- 
tism, chorea, epilepsy, chronic eczema, scab, and 
mange. In periodic fevers, combined with quinine ; 
in weak heart with stocking of legs, give with iron 
and nux vomica or strychnine. Also in chronic 
scaly skin diseases. Externally to eradicate warts, 
slough out fistulaa and tumors. As a sheep dip — ar- 
senic 2-J- pounds, sodium carbonate 3 pounds, soft soap 
and sulphur, of each 5 pounds, water 100 gallons. 
Use with care ! 

Bitter Tonics. 

The chief members of this group are Gentian and 
Cinchona. 

Gentiana — gentian, the dried root of Gentiana 

* To prepare hydrated oxide of iron. — To a solution of sul- 
phate or chloride of iron add water of ammonia till a precipi- 
tate is no longer formed ; collect this precipitate on a cloth 
and wash till ammonia is removed ; mix with water and give 
at once. 



48 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

lutea, a perennial European plant. Gentian is a 
simple bitter, improves the appetite and general tone, 
and aids digestion. It is used as a tonic and stom- 
achic in all veterinary patients. Its chief prepara- 
tions are: Pulvis gentianae, powdered gentian root: 
H., § ss.-i. ; D., gr. x.-xxx. Extractum gentianse 
fluidum, fluid extract of gentian: H., fl. § ss.-i. ; D., 
Til x.-xxx. Tinctura gentianae composita, compound 
tincture of gentian : Prepared from cardamom 2, bit- 
ter orange-peel 4, gentian 8, diluted alcohol enough 
to make 100 parts. This last preparation is used 
mostly in canine practice. Dose : H., fl. § i.-iij. ; D., 
fl. 3 ss.-ij. 

Cinchona, Peruvian bark. There are three chief 
varieties of cinchona, viz. : 

1. Cinchona, the bark of any species of cinchona 
containing at least three per cent, of alkaloids. 

2. Cinchona Flava, yellow bark or calisaya bark, 
obtained from the cinchona calisaya, and containing 
the most quinine. 

3. Cinchona Rubra, red bark, obtained from the 
cinchona succirubra, and containing about equal parts 
of quinine and cinchonine. 

Another variety, the Cinchona Pallida, or pale 
bark, contains the most cinchonine, but is not of so 
much importance as the others. The cinchona tree is 
a native of the mountainous parts of western South 
America, but is also planted and raised for bark in 
India, Burmah, Ceylon, and various other suitable 
places. 

Composition of Cinchona. — It contains four chief 



EESTORATIVE AGENTS. 49 

alkaloids, called: Quinina, quinine — the most valua- 
ble. Quinidina, quinidine — the strongest antiperi- 
odic. Cinchonia, cinchonine — the least valuable. 
Cinchonidina, cinchonidine — about half the strength 
of quinine. Besides these are found seventeen other 
alkaloids of minor importance, two simple acids, two 
tannic acids, one resinoid, and coloring matter. 

Chinoidin is the black bitter residue left after the 
crystallizable alkaloids have been removed from the 
mother liquor, and evaporated. It is one-fourth as 
strong as quinine. 

Quinine is prepared by boiling the coarsely ground 
bark in dilute hydrochloric acid, and treating the fil- 
tered solution with lime until it is alkaline in reac- 
tion. This process precipitates the alkaloids and the 
coloring matter. The collected precipitate is then 
boiled with alcohol, which dissolves the quinine and 
cinchonine. This last solution is neutralized with 
sulphuric acid, boiled with animal charcoal, and fil- 
tered. This filtered liquid, on standing, allows the 
quinine sulphate to crystallize out, and retains the 
cinchonine in solution. Quinine sulphate occurs in 
delicate feathery or silky whitish prisms, has an in- 
tensely bitter taste, is soluble in seven hundred and 
forty to nine hundred parts of cold water, readily 
in alcohol, soluble ether, chloroform, and dilute 
acids. 

Chief Preparations of Cinchona employed in 
veterinary practice are : 

Pulvis Corticis Cinchonce, powdered cinchona 
bark. Dose: H., 3 ij.-iv. ; D., gr. xx.-xl. 
4 



50 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

Tinctura Cinchonas Composita, compound tinc- 
ture of cinchona bark, U. S. P. (Red bark 10, ser- 
pentaria 2, orange peel 8, glycerin 10, alcohol and 
water, of each a sufficient quantity to make 100 
parts.) Dose: EL, fl. li.-iij.; D., fl. 3 ss.-iv. 

Infusum Cinchonce, infusion of cinchona. (Cin- 
chona 6, aromatic sulphuric acid 1, water 93.) Dose: 
H., Oss.-i. ; D., fl. 3i.-iv. 

Quinince Sulphas, sulphate of quinine. Dose: 
H., gr. xv.- 3 i. ; D., gr. i.-v. 

Cinchonidince Sulphas, sulphate of cinchonidine. 
Dose: H., 3 ss.-ij. ; D., gr. ij.-x. 

Quinince Bimuriatis Carbamas, the double hy- 
drochlorate of quinine and urea, a very soluble salt, 
is especially adapted for hypodermic medication. 
Dose for dog, inject grs. 1^ to 8 dissolved in tti 10 to 
20 of distilled water; dose for horse, inject grs. 15 to 
30 dissolved in fl. 3 ss. to ij. of distilled water. 

Other quinine salts, as the muriate and bisulphate, 
are given in the same doses as the sulphate. 

Incompatibles are free tannic acid, iodine, alkalies, 
and alkaline carbonates. 

Physiological Action. — Cinchona bark is an 
astringent bitter tonic, antiseptic, antiperiodic, anti- 
phlogistic, antipyretic, and emmenagogue. It di- 
minishes reflex action, acts as a protoplasmic poison, 
and its alkaloids, while rapidly diffused, are but 
slowly eliminated, being found in the urine in fifteen 
minutes after taking, and as late as three days after ; 
the maximum point of action being reached in about 
four to five hours after its first administration. Qui- 



RESTORATIVE AGENTS. 51 

Dine is held in solution in the blood by carbonic acid. 
When first given it promotes the appetite, improves di- 
gestion, stimulates the flow of saliva and gastric juice ; 
but if very long continued brings on gastric catarrh, 
indigestion, and constipation. Small doses stimulate 
the heart, while large doses depress the heart and en- 
feeble the pulse. Moderate doses cause hyperaemia 
of the brain, and large doses produce anaemia of the 
brain. Cinchonism is the term applied to the effects 
of continued large doses, i.e., headache, amaurosis, 
deafness, staggering gait, irregular heart's action, 
convulsions, etc. The spleen is reduced in size and 
the temperature of pyrexia lowered, but it does not 
reduce the body temperature of a healthy animal. It 
is a uterine stimulant in labor, and lessens the excre- 
tion of uric acid, but not that of urea. It is used 
in malarial and intermittent fevers, acute catarrh, 
surgical fever, and erysipelas (with iron and. ar- 
senic) ; as a tonic in indigestion and general debil- 
ity with nux vomica; in asthma and diarrhoea. 
Also in diabetes, influenza, strangles, and purpura. 
A five-per-cent. solution of the muriate of quinine 
is frequently used to wash out the bladder in cys- 
titis. Quinine should not be given in inflamma- 
tory diseases of the bowel if accompanied by consti- 
pation and irritability of the stomach. Quinine may 
be given in bolus or solution, and its action is said to 
be increased by conjoining with capsicum or ginger. 
Ferri et Quinince Citras, or Ferro-Chininum 
Citricum, the citrate of iron and quinine, a double 
salt, used mostly in canine practice, is given in pill 



52 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA, 

or aqueous solution. Dose for dog: gr. ss-ij. This 
combines the actions of the two, iron and quinine, 
and is a very valuable tonic. 



AGENTS PROMOTING WASTE. 
Potassium. 

Potassium is one of the metallic elements. Sym- 
bol, K; atomic weight, 39; quantivalence, 1. It has 
great affinity for oxygen, and decomposes water with 
considerable violence, replacing one or both of its 
hydrogen atoms. It is obtained as "carnallite," a 
chloride of potassium and magnesium, in or near 
rock-salt beds; also from wood ashes. 

Chief Preparations. — Potassa, caustic potash, 
hydrated protoxide of potash. This is obtained by 
dissolving the ashes of plants in water (when cal- 
cined these lose their organic impurities); this then 
is pearl ash or impure potassium carbonate. This so- 
lution is boiled with calcium hydrate, forming cal- 
cium carbonate as a precipitate, and leaving potas- 
sium hydrate in solution. 

Liquor Potasses, solution of potassa (Potassa 
1 i., dissolved in distilled water Oi.). Potassa and 
its solution are powerful caustics, and are rarely used 
internally. 

Potassii Acetas, potassium acetate, a white, solu- 
ble, deliquescent salt, obtained by neutralizing potas- 
sium carbonate with acetic acid. Dose : H., 5 ss.-i. ; 
D., gr. v.-xv. 



AGENTS PROMOTING WASTE. 53 

(A) Potassii Carbonas, potassium carbonate. 
(B) Potassii Bicarbonas, potassium bicarbonate. 
Dose of either of these for H., 3 ss.-i. ; D., gr. 
x.-xxx. 

(A) is prepared from wood ashes or by burning 
potassium tartrate with charcoal. 

(B) is prepared by passing carbonic - acid gas 
through a strong aqueous solution of the neutral 
carbonate. Occurs in transparent, colorless, rhombic 
prisms, soluble in four times its own weight of 
water. 

Potassii Nitras, potassium nitrate, nitre, salt- 
petre. Dose: As febrifuge, EL, 3ij.-iv. ; D., gr. 
v.-xv. As diuretic, H., 5 ss.-i.; D., gr. x.-xxx. 
Occurs as whitish, opaque, crystalline masses, or 
transparent, colorless six-sided prisms, having a 
sharp, cooling, saline taste, permanent in air, and 
soluble in three and one-half parts of cold water. 

Potassii Chloras, potassium chlorate. Dose: H., 
3 i.-iv. ; D., gr. v.-xv. Occurs as colorless rhom- 
boidal plates, having a saline cooling taste, and solu- 
ble in sixteen parts of cold water ; prepared by rapidly 
passing chlorine gas through a strong solution of po- 
tassium carbonate and calcium hydrate. 

Potassii Permanganas, potassium permanganate. 
Small, dark-brown, needle-shaped or prismatic crys- 
tals, soluble in sixteen parts of cold water, making a 
deep-red solution. 

Potassii Iodidum. — See under "Iodides." 

Potassii Bromidmn. — See under "Bromides." 



54 veterinary materia medica. 

Physiological Action of Potassium and Its 
Salts. — Caustic potash dissolves albumin, saponi- 
fies fats and destroys tissues, by combining with 
their water. The potassium salts promote tissue 
waste ; small doses promote the formation of gastric 
juice if given on an empty stomach, but large doses 
act chemically and retard digestion by neutralizing 
the free acids. 

The carbonate and bicarbonate, if given on an 
empty stomach, enter the blood unchanged, combine 
with the neutral phosphate of sodium contained 
therein, converting it into an acid phosphate, so that 
when eliminated by the kidneys the urine is more 
acid. If, however, they have been given on a 
full stomach, they are decomposed before entering 
the blood, and the urine is therefore now more 
alkaline. 

The acetate is absorbed in its own form, is decom- 
posed in the blood, makes the blood and urine more 
alkaline, and acts as a diuretic, increasing both the 
water as well as the solids of the urine, but decreas- 
ing the amount of uric acid by increasing oxidation. 
The nitrate and chlorate are absorbed and eliminated 
in their own form, the nitrate being a powerful diu- 
retic, febrifuge, and alterative; externally applied, it 
is stimulant and refrigerant. The chlorate is anti- 
septic, alterative, sialagogue, and diuretic; exter- 
nally, antiseptic, refrigerant, and mildly stimulant. 
Large doses of the chlorate are very irritant to the 
kidneys, and may produce albuminuria. All the po- 
tassium salts in large doses are cardiac poisons, mus- 



AGENTS PROMOTING WASTE. 55 

cle paralyzers, poisonous to protoplasm, and hinder 
the ozonizing function of the blood. The perman- 
ganate is antiseptic, deodorant, and mildly astrin- 
gent. 

Poisoning by Caustic Alkalies. — Give vinegar or 
acetic acid; then demulcents and oils to protect the 
mucous membranes ; support the vital powers. 

Therapeutics. — Liquor potassse as a caustic to 
eradicate warts, fungous growths, to poisoned 
wounds. Its excessive action may be rapidly checked 
by bathing the part with dilute acetic acid. It 
should be used only with great care. 

Rheumatism — the carbonate, bicarbonate, and ni- 
trate, to saturate the blood and render the urine more 
alkaline. 

Acidity of stomach and atonic dyspepsia — the car- 
bonate or bicarbonate, before feeding. 

Ulcerative stomatitis, aphtha — the chlorate as a 
wash ; also in catarrhal affections ; in follicular phar- 
yngitis, sore throat, and diphtheritic affections, com- 
bined with tinctura ferri chloridi. 

The carbonate and bicarbonate are used for the relief 
of phosphatic deposits and calculi in dogs. Exter- 
nally as stimulants and to soften and remove thick- 
ened, skin ; to relieve the itching of certain skin dis- 
eases. The carbonate is usually employed as a wash 
before giving treatment for mange. 

The nitrate promotes bronchial, cutaneous, and uri- 
nary secretions; it is an excellent febrifuge and diu- 
retic. Frequently used externally with ammonia 
muriate, alcohol, and water as a cooling lotion. A fa- 



56 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDIC A. 

vorite diuretic bolus is composed of potassium nitrate 
|ss., soap 3 i., resin 3 as., Venice turpentine 3 ss. 
For sore throat a bolus of the nitrate 3 ss., extract of 
belladonna 3ss., camphor 3i., or the same made 
up into an electuary with powdered slippery elm bark 
and syrup. This laat haa been found aerviceable 
in bronchitia, pharyngitia, and laryngitia. Together 
with tincture of aconite the nitrate ia conaidered the 
best treatment for Laminitia by many practitioner a. 
The acetate produces slight diuresis, helps to reduce 
temperature, alkalinifies the blood and urine, is given 
in inflammations to promote the excretion of result- 
ing products, also in irritability of the kidneys and 
bladder. 

The permanganate destroys bacteria, ia used in so- 
lution ( 3 i.-iij. to aqua Oi.) as a disinfectant and de- 
odorant wash for foul wounds, aores; for waahing 
the handa after dissections and post-mortem, etc., in 
weak solution. It has been found to be the best anti- 
dote for morphine or opium poisoning. Doses of 
from gr. x. to xxx. are recommended for the horse in 
septicaemia. 

Sodium. 

Sodium occurs in combination naturally in large 
quantity in sea water, marine plants, etc. ; also as 
rock salt, aa borax, and in the Chili nitre beda. 

Chief Preparations.— Sodii Carbonas, aodium 
carbonate, "waahing soda." Sodii Bicarbonas, so- 
dium bicarbonate, "baking soda," "soda salseratus." 
Sodii Chloridum, sodium chloride, common salt. 



AGENTS PROMOTING WASTE. 57 

Sodii Boras, borate or biborate of sodium, borax. 
Sodii Sulphas — sodium sulphate, Glauber's salt. 
For sodium sulphite and sodium hyposulphite, see 
under Sulphur and Sulphites. 

The physiological actions of the sodium salts 
are similar to those of potassium salts, but they are 
not so alkaline, not so depressant, nor are they such 
powerful cardiac and nerve poisons as the potassium 
salts. 

The Sodium Carbonate and Bicarbonate are ant- 
acids and alteratives. Dose: H., 3 i.-iv. ; D., gr. 
v.-xxx. 

Sodium Chloride. — Small doses are restorative, 
stomachic, and antiseptic; larger doses irritant, ca- 
thartic, and emetic; externally stimulant, refrigerant, 
and antiseptic. Dose: H., lb. ss.-i. (on this animal 
its action as a purgative is uncertain and irritant) ; 
cattle, lb. ss.-i.; sheep, 5 i.-iij. (is more adapted for 
these animals than for the horse) . 

Sodium Borate. — Antiseptic, parasiticide, slightly 
astringent, and alkaline. Dose same as that of the 
bicarbonate. 

Glauber's Salt.— Cathartic, cholagogue, febrifuge, 
and slightly diuretic. Has very low diffusive power, 
impedes absorption of fluids in the intestinal canal, 
but increases the amount of intestinal secretion and 
stimulates peristalsis; produces an increase in the 
quantity of bile secreted by its direct action upon the 
hepatic cells. As a cathartic it is slow in operation, 
generally requiring from twenty to twenty-four hours, 
and is more suitable for cattle than for horses. 



58 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

Dose: H., lb. ss.-i.; cattle, lb. ss.-iss. It is usually 
combined with ginger, capsicum, or other stom- 
achics. 

There apeutics of the Carbonates. — Small 
doses increase secretion of gastric juice, and are used 
in indigestion, flatulence, acidity of the stomach, 
atonic dyspepsia, and rheumatism. A solution of 
the bicarbonate is applied frequently to burns, as an 
injection in simple leucorrhoea, and to relieve the 
irritation of urticaria and other skin eruptions. 

Therapeutics of the Borate. — Ulcerative con- 
ditions of the mouth, aphtha. To relieve the irrita- 
tion of eczema and other skin diseases it is applied 
locally in aqueous solution. A weak solution is used 
to dissolve the gummy substance from the eyelids in 
purulent conjunctivitis; also as an eye lotion. Com- 
bined with thymol, carbolic acid, and eucalyptol as 
a spray or gargle in ulcerated sore throat and catar- 
rhal conditions of the respiratory mucous membranes. 
The appended formula of Dr. Carl Seller's solution, 
which is a similar preparation, can be obtained in 
the form of compressed tablets : 

R Sodium bicarbonate, 

Sodium biborate, aa, 3 ij. 

Sodium benzoate, 

Sodium salicylate, .... 
Eucalyptol, menthol, and thymol, . 
Oil of wintergreen, 

Alcohol, 

Glycerine, . . . 



aa gr. 13. 
aa gr. i. 

gtt. ij. 

3 ij- 

I iiss. 



Distilled wate, . . enough to make Oi. 



AGENTS PROMOTING WASTE. 59 

Therapeutics of the Chloride.— As a purga- 
tive for cattle and sheep, small repeated doses are stom- 
achic; given together with gentian and ginger in in- 
digestion and irregular appetite; injections of two or 
three ounces to one pint of water per rectum to carry 
away ascarides. A five- to ten-per-cent. solution as 
an antiseptic and stimulant gargle in relaxed and ul- 
cerated sore throat. Salt-water baths are stimulant 
to the skin. An excellent cooling lotion may be pre- 
pared from salt, saltpetre, and muriate of ammonia, 
of each two ounces, dissolved in one quart of water. 
As an emetic for the dog, one to four drachms dis- 
solved in warm water. 

Calcium. 

Calcium is one of the alkaline earths. Carbonate of 
lime or chalk is the source from which most of the 
calcium salts are prepared. Calcium oxide, calx, 
lime, quicklime, CaO, prepared by burning lime- 
stone, marble, chalk, or other form of calcium car- 
bonate, is a powerful irritant, and in its own form is 
but seldom given internally. 

Chief Preparations. — Liquor Calcis, Aqua 
Calcis, lime water. Dose: H., fl. § iv.-v. ; D., 
fl. 3 i.-iv. 

Calcii Carbonas Prazcipitatus, precipitated 
chalk, calcium carbonate. Dose: H., § i.-ij. ; D., 
gr. v.-xx. 

Calcii Phosphas Prcecipitatus, precipitated 
phosphate of calcium. Dose: H,, 3ij.-iv. ; D., 
gr. i.-x. 



60 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

Calx Chlorata, chlorinated lime, or bleaching 
powder (misnamed chloride of lime). Dose: H., 
3 i.-ij. ; D., gr. ij.-v., in cold gruel or water. 

For Calx Sulphurata, see under Sulphur. 

Physiological Action and Therapeutics. — 
The calcium salts and preparations are feebly alka- 
line, astringent, and antacid. The liquor calcis is ir- 
ritant, astringent by contact, antacid, and sedative, 
and is given in indigestion and diarrhoea of all pa- 
tients, especially in young animals when there is a 
tendency to acidity of the stomach. As an antidote 
for poisoning by the mineral acids, by carbolic acid, 
and by oxalic acid. In bronchial filariae in calves 
and sheep, sometimes combined with turpentine. 
Enemata of aqua calcis to destroy ascarides. A most 
excellent application to scalds and burns is " carron 
oil " (equal volumes of liquor calcis and linseed oil). 
A spray of aqua calcis has been found serviceable in 
diphtheria and croup. Lime in solution, i.e., as 
"whitewash," is used for deodorizing and cleansing 
stables, etc. It is customary to add carbolic acid or 
other disinfectant to whitewash to render it more 
effective for this purpose. Chalk, which is the usual 
cause of hardness of water, is used for the same pur- 
poses as the aqua calcis. The calcium phosphate, 
which is an essential ingredient of all animal tissues, 
combines the actions of calcium and phosphorus, and 
is essentially a restorative ; it increases the alkalinity 
of the blood, increases the power of that tissue to 
hold C0 2 , diminishes the excretion of urea, and is 
very serviceable in chronic diarrhoea, anaemia, and 



AGENTS PROMOTING WASTE. 61 

other forms of mahmtritioB, especially in young 
animals. It is also employed in caries, protracted 
suppuration, osteomalacia, rachitis, and scrofular 
disorders. Chlorinated lime, which is a powerful 
bleaching agent, is irritant, stimulant, astringent, 
antiseptic, and alterative; it is used mostly externally. 
Toxic doses produce local irritation, difficult breathing, 
acceleration of the pulse, weeping eyes, an abundant 
secretion of urine having a white sediment and a 
slight odor of chlorine, and in dogs vomiting. 

Externally it is used as a stimulant, antiseptic, de- 
odorant, disinfectant, and parasiticide. Has been 
found serviceable by some practitioners in tympanites 
in horses, hoven in cattle, is applied externally to un- 
healthy wounds, for destroying the fungus of ring- 
worm, and the parasites of mange and grease. As a 
disinfectant and deodorizer for stables, etc., it is very 
efficient. 

Ammonium. 

Liquor Ammonice fortior, Aqua Ammonias for- 
tius, concentrated ammonia, caustic ammonia, 
stronger water of ammonia. Dose: H., fl. 3i.-ij.; 
D., TT[ v.-x. (should be given well diluted). A color- 
less liquid, pungent, caustic, of a very strong suffo- 
cating odor; strong alkaline reaction; specific grav- 
ity, 0.891. Contains about twenty-eight per cent, 
of gaseous ammonia (NH 3 ) in solution. 

Liquor Ammonias, Aqua Ammonias, water of 
ammonia, Hartshorn spirit. A diluted solution of 
the concentrated ammonia, containing about ten per 



62 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

cent, of gaseous ammonia. Has specific gravity 
0.959, and is prepared by mixing one part of concen- 
trated ammonia with two of water, by volume. Dose : 
H., fl. 3iij.-vi.; D., ff[ xv.-xxx. 

Spiritus Ammonii Aromaticus, aromatic spirit of 
ammonia (ammonium carbonate; water of ammo- 
nia; oils of lemon, lavender, pimento; alcohol and 
water). Dose: H., fl. 3 ij.-viij. ; D., HI x.-xxx. 

Liquor Ammonii Acetatis, solution of acetate 
of ammonia, Mindererus spirit (dilute acetic acid 
neutralized by addition of ammonium carbonate). 
Dose: H., fl. ? ij.-iv. ; D., fl. 3 ij.-iv. 

Ammonii Carbonas, carbonate of ammonia, 
Hartshorn salt. Dose: H., 3 ij.-iv.; D., gr. iij.- 
viij. 

Ammonii Murias, Ammonii Chloridum, muri- 
ate or chloride of ammonium, sal ammoniac. Dose : 
H., 3 ij.-iv.; D., gr. iij.-viij. 

Linimentum Ammonice, ammonia liniment, 
Hartshorn liniment (aqua ammonise 30, cottonseed 
oil 70). 

For Ammonium Bromide, see under Bromides. 

Physiological Action. — Liquor ammonise if 
used locally causes considerable irritation, abstracts 
water from the tissues, dissolves the epithelial 
scales, liquefies their albumin, and saponifies their 
fats — therefore acting as a caustic. Full doses given 
internally stimulate the spinal cord, motor nerves, 
and muscles, are said to produce tetanic convul- 
sions, and finally paralyze the cord. Suffocation may 
be brought about by large quantities of the gas en- 



AGENTS PROMOTING WASTE. 63 

tering the air passages. Large concentrated doses 
given internally will cause violent gastro-enteritis 
and paralysis of the brain centres from absorption. 
Medicinal doses stimulate the vasomotor centre by 
reflex action and raise blood pressure. After absorp- 
tion there is direct stimulation of the respiratory and 
circulatory nerve centres and promotion of the secre- 
tions of skin and mucous surfaces. It is given inter- 
nally as an antacid, a diffusible stimulant, antispas- 
modic, and stimulant expectorant; externally as a 
Stimulant, counter-irritant, and vesicant. 

Antidotes for poisoning by liquor ammonias are 
Vinegar and dilute acids with diluents and demul- 
cents. 

Spiritus ammonias aromaticus conjoins the proper- 
ties of its constituents (ammonium carbonate and 
Water of ammonia) . 

Ammonium carbonate is more permanent in its ef- 
fects than the liquor ammonise, but not quite so pow- 
erful. It is a good antacid, and diffusible stimulant; 
small doses promote secretion of gastric juice, larger 
doses relieve flatulence and spasm. It is a good car- 
diac and respirator} 7 stimulant, and promotes bron- 
chial secretion and expectoration. Toxic doses are 
irritant, cause primary stimulation and secondary 
paralysis of the cord and motor centres. 

Ammonium chloride is a stimulant to the alimen- 
tary and respiratory mucous membranes in moderate 
doses, promoting their secretions. It has marked 
cholagogue powers and promotes excretion of urea. 
Externally it makes a very serviceable cooling lotion. 



64 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

Solution of acetate of ammonia is not so powerful 
in action as either the liquor or the carbonate, but is 
a good diaphoretic, antipyretic, a mild diuretic, and 
expectorant. 

Therapeutics. — Liquor Ammonice : Indiges- 
tion, tympanites, spasmodic colic, in ruminants espe- 
cially ■; influenza, pneumonia, bronchial disorders, 
poisoned bites and stings. Antidote against poison- 
ing by opium, aconite, and digitalis. Externally as 
counter-irritant (ammonia liniment) to rheumatic 
swellings of joints and muscles ; sore throat. 

Ammonium Carbonate: Atonic dyspepsia of all 
animals, acidity of the stomach, to relieve flatulence 
and spasm; in influenza, scarlatina; in bronchial dis- 
orders and pneumonia, especially at crisis to liquefy 
the products of inflammation and counteract defi- 
ciency of vital powers, and whenever a prompt stim- 
ulant is required. 

Ammonium Chloride: In bronchial and gastric 
catarrh in all animals, especially after the more acute 
symptoms have subsided ; torpidity of the liver, ca- 
tarrh of the bile ducts and its jaundice; duodenal 
and intestinal catarrhs ; locally in solution to inflam- 
mations, bruises, and sprains. 

Vegetable Acids. 

Of these but one is used in veterinary practice, 
namely, the acetic. 

Acidum Aceticum Purum, U. S. P., pure acetic 
acid, containing thirty-six per cent, absolute acetic 



AGENTS PROMOTING WASTE. 65 

acid, and sixty-four per cent, water. Dose: H., 
fl. 3i.-ij.; D., m ij.-v. 

Acidum Aceticum Dilutum, dilute acetic acid, 
containing six per cent, absolute acid and ninety- 
four per cent, water. 

Acetum, vinegar, an impure dilute acetic acid, 
prepared b} T acetous fermentation of wine, cider, or 
other fruit juice. 

Pure acetic acid is a colorless, strongly acid liquid, 
having a pungent odor, and is prepared by the de- 
structive distillation of wood or sawdust; the con- 
densed products separate into two layers — the lower 
one wood-tar; the upper, a two- to four-per-cent. solu- 
tion of pyroligneous or impure acetic acid, together 
with wood alcohol, acetone, and other allied bodies. 
Sodium carbonate is now added, the volatile hydro- 
carbons distilled off, and the remaining liquid evapo- 
rated down — which leaves sodium acetate. This in 
turn is further decomposed by sulphuric acid, and 
again distilled, thus forming acetic acid. Acetic acid 
dissolves resins, camphor, volatile oils, and many al- 
kaloids, and unites with bases to form acetates. Ace- 
tum or vinegar may also be prepared by the destruc- 
tive distillation of wood, but usually is obtained 
from the oxidation of impure alcohols by exposing 
them to the air at about 80° F. while in contact with 
a ferment. For this purpose the poorer grades of 
wine, also cider, are used. 

Physiological Action. — Acetic acid is corro- 
sive, irritant, and vesicant, and is seldom used inter- 
nally, except in combination. Externally, diluted, 
5 



66 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

usually in the form of vinegar, as a stimulant and 
refrigerant. It forms salts in the stomach, enters the 
blood, when it becomes oxidized, producing carbonic 
acid, increasing the acidity of the urine in its excre- 
tion, at the same time also increasing the amount of 
water in the urine. Secretion in general is promoted 
by small doses, but its long-continued use causes in- 
digestion, emaciation, and poverty of the blood. 
Rubbed briskly into the skin it causes redness; if 
continued it forms blisters resembling those produced 
by scalding water. It is applied to remove warts, 
scurf, to destroy cryptogamic parasites and acari; 
well diluted in mallenders, sallenders, scab, and 
mange. The diluted acid or vinegar combined with 
salt or sal-ammoniac, to contusions, sprains; dilute 
vinegar for sponging the skin of febrile patients, and 
to check excessive perspiration. Also as a test for 
albumin in urine. 

Sulphur, Sulphites, Sulphides. 

Sulphur Lotum, U. S. P., washed sulphur; Sul- 
phus Prcecipitatum, U. S. P., lac sulphur, milk of 
sulphur, precipitated sulphur. Both of these are 
preparations of sublimed sulphur. Dose : As laxative, 
H., | i.-iv. ; C, siij.-vi.; D., 3 i.-iv. ; as altera- 
tive, H., iss.-ij.; C, lij.-iv.; D., 3 ss.-ij. 

Sodii Sulphis, sodium sulphite; Sodii Hypo- 
sulphis, sodium hyposulphite. Dose: H. and C, 
| ss.-i. ; D., gr. x.-xl. 

Calx Sulphu?*ata, sulphurated lime, so-called sul- 



AGENTS PROMOTING WASTE. 67 

phide of calcium. Dose: H. and C, gr. x.-xl. ; D., 

Sulphur, commonly called "brimstone;" S3 7 mbol, S; 
atomic weight, 32; quanti valence, 2, 4, and 6; is a 
non-metallic element, distinguished by its yellow color 
and crystalline properties. It is one of the acid ele- 
ments, and unites with O to form the most powerful 
acid radicals. It is almost tasteless, insoluble in cold 
water or alcohol, but soluble in benzol, carbon bisul- 
phide, fixed and volatile oils. It is completely vola- 
tilized by heat, burns with a pale blue flame, and 
gives off strong suffocating fumes of sulphurous an- 
hydride while burning. It is found in many animal 
substances as sulphates, in many mineral waters as 
hydrogen sulphide, in certain volatile vegetable oils, 
in the pyrites or metallic sulphides; also as native 
sulphur in blue clay beds in Sicily and Italy. Sub- 
limed sulphur is prepared by distilling the crude sul- 
phur and allowing its vapor to condense as a fine yel- 
low powder, in large chambers or receptacles built for 
that purpose. 

Sulphur Lotum, a fine lemon-yellow powder, odor- 
less and almost tasteless, insoluble in water or alcohol, 
is prepared by digesting for three days 12 parts of 
sublimed sulphur with a mixture of water 12 parts, 
and water of ammonia 1 part. After occasional agi- 
tation for three days the whole mixture is strained 
through muslin, and the residue washed with water 
until the liquid running from the strainer no longer 
produces a precipitate with test solution of chloride of 
barium. 



68 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDIC A. 

Sulphur Prcecipitatum, a very fine, yellowish- 
white, amorphous powder, odorless and almost taste- 
less, insoluble in water or alcohol, is prepared by boil- 
ing together sublimed sulphur 100 parts, slaked lime 
50 parts, water 1,450 parts, which forms calcium 
sulphide and hyposulphite. When the mixture has 
cooled it is filtered ; to the filtered liquid is added a 
mixture of equal volumes of HC1 and water until 
almost neutral, when the sulphur is thrown down 
as a fine precipitate, which after being thoroughly 
washed is dried by gentle heat. 

Sodii Sulphis, transparent, colorless, monoclinic 
prisms, efflorescent in dry air, odorless, having a 
cooling, saline, and sulphurous taste and a neutral 
or feebly alkaline reaction ; soluble in 4 parts cold 
water, in 0.9 part of boiling water, almost insoluble 
in alcohol. It is prepared by passing sulphurous acid 
gas through a solution of sodium carbonate, thus 
precipitating crystals of acid sulphite of sodium; 
this is further saturated with sodium carbonate and 
rendered alkaline in reaction. 

Sodii Hyposulphis, large, transparent, colorless 
monoclinic prisms or plates, efflorescent in dry air, 
odorless, having a cooling, somewhat bitter and sul- 
phurous taste, neutral or feebly alkaline reaction, in- 
soluble in alcohol, soluble in 1.5 parts cold water, 
partly decomposed by boiling water. Must be kept 
in well-stoppered bottles. It is prepared by dissolv- 
ing sulphur in a boiling solution of sodium sulphite 
and crystallizing. 

Calx Sulphurata, a grayish- white powder, altered 



AGENTS PROMOTING WASTE. 69 

by exposure to air, having a foul, sulphurous odor, an 
offensive alkaline taste, alkaline reaction, slightly 
soluble in water, insoluble in alcohol, is prepared by 
exposing in a crucible for one hour at a low red heat 
a mixture of lime 100 parts and precipitated sulphur 
90 parts. The finished product should contain not less 
than thirty-six per cent, of absolute calcium sul- 
phide. 

Physiological Action. — Sulphur is an altera- 
tive, a mild laxative, a stimulant to the intestinal mu- 
cous membranes, a disinfectant and deodorizer, espe- 
cially in the form of sulphurous acid. Being soluble 
in alkaline solutions it is partly absorbed in the small 
intestine and stimulates its mucous membrane. It is 
excreted mainly by the faeces, but also by the urine 
as sulphates, by the skin and respiratory apparatus, 
and as it communicates a disagreeable odor and taste 
to the meat, must not be administered to animals 
used for food for some time prior to slaughtering. 
Sulphites, sulphides, and hyposulphites are in part 
decomposed by the acid secretion of the stomach, 
partly converted into sulphates, are absorbed and are 
eliminated chiefly by the kidneys. If their adminis- 
tration is continued for a longer period they impair 
digestion, impoverish the blood, cause anaemia and 
emaciation. The sulphites and hyposulphites have 
great power to diminish the effects of animal poisons, 
and are used as febrifuges, antiseptics, antacids, and 
carminatives. 

Therapeutics. — Sulphur as a laxative, especially 
during pregnancy and in convalescence from acute 



70 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

diseases; also in rheumatism and in lead-poisoning; 
as an ingredient of many alterative and condition 
powders; locally in eczema, scab, mange, and grease 
— as carbolized sulphur ointment. As a disinfectant 
and deodorizer it is burned to allow its vapor to 
saturate the air of stables, cowsheds, and kennels. 
Sulphites and hyposulphites — to relieve flatulence 
and acidity, in calves and foals, and in contagious 
pleuro-pneumonia in cattle as internal antiseptics. 
In distemper in dogs and cats; also in septicaemia 
and pyaemia of all animals; in foot-and-mouth dis- 
ease in cattle. 

Calcium sulphide, so-called, is used to prevent and 
limit pus formation. In crops of boils, scrofulous 
sores, glandular enlargements, or extensive suppura- 
tion it is very efficient, especially if given in small, 
repeated doses. 



ALTERATIVES. 

Iodine and Iodides. 

Iodum, iodine, is a non-metallic element; symbol, 
I; atomic weight, 127; quantivalence, 1. It occurs 
in most marine plants, in sea water, cod-liver oil, also 
as mineral iodides and iodates. In its crude form it 
appears as bluish -black rhombic plates, having a 
metallic lustre, peculiar odor, acrid taste, and neutral 
reaction. Sparingly soluble in water, very soluble in 
ether, in 12 parts of alcohol, and in solutions of KI 
and salt. 



ALTERATIVES. 71 

Preparations of Iodine. — Iodum, iodine (in 
bolus, but rarely given in this form). Dose: H. and 
C, gr. x.-xxx. ; D., gr. ij.-vi. 

Liquor Iodi Compositus, compound solution of 
iodine, Lugol's solution (always well diluted). Dose : 
H. and C, fid 3 ss-iv. ; D., n[ i.-x. (Composed of 
iodine 5, potassium iodide 10, water 85.) 

Tinctura Iodi, tincture of iodine, eight per cent. 
Dose: H. and C, fl. 3 i.-iv. ; D., HI i.-v. 

Unguentum Iodi, iodine ointment. Used locally 
only. (Composed of iodine 4, potassium iodide 1, 
water 2, lard 93.) 

Ferri Iodidum and Syrupus Ferri Iodidi. — See 
under Ferrum. 

Potassii Iodidum, iodide of potassium, color- 
less, translucent, cubical crystals, slightly deliques- 
cent, having a peculiar, faint odor, a pungent, saline, 
afterward somewhat bitter taste, and a neutral reac- 
tion; soluble in 0.8 part of water and in 18 parts of 
alcohol. 

Sodii Iodidum, iodide of sodium, minute white or 
colorless, monoclinic crystals, or a crystalline pow- 
der, deliquescent on exposure to air, odorless, having 
a saline and slightly bitter taste and a neutral or 
faintly alkaline reaction. Soluble in 0.6 part water 
and in 1.8 parts alcohol. 

Ammonii Iodidum, iodide of ammonium, a white 
granular salt or minute crystalline cubes, very deli- 
quescent, and soon becoming discolored on expo- 
sure to air; odorless when white, but emitting a 
slight odor of iodine when colored, having a sharp 



72 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

saline taste and a neutral reaction. Soluble in 1 part 
of water and in 9 parts of alcohol. 

These iodides should all be kept in well-stoppered 
glass bottles. Dose of either of them : H., 3i.-iv. ; 
C, 3ij-vi. ; D., gr. iij.-x. 

Unguentum Potassii Iodidi, ointment of iodide 
of potassium. Twelve per cent. ; for local use only. 

lodoformum, Iodoform (iodide of formyl). 
Shining, lemon-yellow crystals, having a most disa- 
greeable persistent odor, insoluble in. cold water, but 
soluble in 80 parts of alcohol, in 5.2 parts ether, and 
in chloroform, benzol, benzin, carbon di sulphide, and 
fixed or volatile oils. Its solutions have a neutral re- 
action. It contains about ninety per cent, of iodine, 
and its odor may be disguised by balsam of Peru or 
oil of mirbane. Dose: H. and C, 3ss.-i.; D., gr. 
iij.-viij. 

Unguentum Iodoformi, ointment of iodoform, 
U. S. P. Ten per cent; for local use only. 

Iodolum, lodol (tetra-iodo-pyrol) , a grayish-yel- 
low powder, tasteless and odorless, containing from 
eighty-five to ninety per cent, of iodine. Readily 
soluble in ether, in hot alcohol, and in chloroform. 
Used as a substitute for iodoform. Dose : H., 3 ss-i. ; 
D., gr. i.-iij. It is a good form of iodine for inter- 
nal medication, as it is practically non-irritant. 

Other preparations of iodine, all for local use, 
are: 

Iodo-Tannin, a solution of tannin in tincture of 
iodine. 

Iodo-Phenyl, iodized phenol, or carbolized iodine, 



ALTEKATIVES. 73 

a mixture of carbolic acid and iodine in various 
proportions. 

Glycerinum Tannini Iodo-Carbolizati, glycerite 
of iodo-carbolate of tannin, a mixture containing car- 
bolic acid, iodine, tannin, and glycerin. 

Bismutlii Subiodidum, subiodide of bismuth. See 
under Bismuthum. 

Physiological Action. — Iodine is an irritant, 
stains the skin yellow, and if used in concentrated 
form may blister. It is also a disinfectant, deodo- 
rizer, and antiseptic, and is eliminated chiefly by the 
kidneys, the skin, the bronchial mucous membranes, 
and the salivary glands. If administered for too long 
a time it produces poisoning, the animal shuns water, 
appears drowsy, has increased temperature, quick 
feeble pulse, temporary impotence, and great depres- 
sion. The best and most efficient antidote is starch, 
which is to be followed by evacuents. The iodides 
all are very soluble, very 'diffusible, and are rapidly 
excreted. Iodine and ozone are set free at the points 
of elimination, and thus they cause considerable irri- 
tation at these parts, especially if large doses have 
been given. They also occasion a profuse mucous 
discharge, soreness of throat and eyes, as well as irri- 
tation to the kidneys. 

Both iodine and iodides induce great waste and 
rapid elimination of waste products, but if used for 
too long a time cause anaemia, emaciation, and great 
depression. They are classed as alteratives, resol- 
vents, and absorbents. Iodoform, on account of the 
iodine it contains, is a good antiseptic and somewhat 



74 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

of a local anaesthetic. Small doses given internally 
are tonic and alterative. Iodol has the same action 
as iodoform, but is odorless, non-irritant, and prac- 
tically non-poisonous to veterinary patients. It is 
readily soluble in the gastric juice; hence is rapidly 
absorbed and quickly diffused through the system. 

Therapeutics of Iodine. — Catarrh and chronic 
nasal discharges are effectually treated with inhala- 
tions of iodine, with or without carbolic acid. In- 
flammations of joints, rheumatic or otherwise — the 
tincture locally. Ringworm — the iodophenol with 
glycerin locally. Glandular tumors — parenchyma- 
tous injections of Lugol's solution or tincture. 
Bronchial filar ise — the same, with or without turpen- 
tine, intratracheally. Enlarged glands, sores, ul- 
cers, etc., are painted with the tincture or rubbed 
with the ointment. Diabetes insipidus, polyuria — 
small doses internally. To absorb products of in- 
flammation in sore throat and bronchitis and to pre- 
vent adhesions; to assist in absorbing bony deposits 
both internally and externally, with or without mer- 
cury. Externally, as a stimulant and resolvent to 
bursal enlargements, in chronic synovitis, muscular 
pains, strains of tendons, induration of the udder. 
When internally administered, give one and one-half 
to two hours after feeding, and discontinue its use for 
one week when it has been regularly given for from 
eight to ten days. 

Therapeutics of the Iodides. — Acute catarrh, 
asthma, short wind, thick wind — the potassium 
iodide, with Fowler's solution and belladonna. 



ALTERATIVES. 75 

Chronic and capillary bronchitis — ammonium iodide, 
in small, frequently repeated doses. Catarrhal pneu- 
monia — ammonium iodide and arsenic, to prevent 
caseation of the inflammatory products. They may 
be used to promote absorption of waste products, as 
in lymphangitis, pleuritic or other serous effusions, 
enlarged glands, duodenal catarrh, bronchitis, pneu- 
monia, chronic cough, actinomycosis in cattle, pur- 
pura hemorrhagica, rheumatic affections (with col- 
chicum), chronic lead and mercurial poisoning. 

Therapeutics of Iodoform and Iodol. — 
Chronic gastric and intestinal catarrh — iodol between 
feeding-times. Bronchitis and bronchial catarrh — 
iodol and senega. To foul wounds, ulcers, sores, etc. 
— iodoform ; also made into suitable suppositories and 
introduced into flstulse, the rectum, and genito-urin- 
ary organs as antiseptics. To open joints, one of the 
best applications is equal parts of iodoform and pow- 
dered alum. Diabetes insipidus has been successfully 
treated with both iodoform and iodol — preferably the 
latter. 

Hydrargyrum — Mercury. 

Symbol, Hg; atomic weight, 200; quantivalence, 
2 and 4 ; sometimes called " quicksilver " because of 
its extreme motility and metallic lustre. It is the 
only known liquid element, and its most common 
source is as a sulphide, from which it is obtained by 
heat to drive off the sulphur and Hg distils over. 

Hydrargyri Chloridum Corrosivum (HgCL). — 
Corrosive chloride of mercury, mercuric chloride, 



76 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

corrosive sublimate, bichloride of mercury. Heavy, 
colorless, rhombic crystals or crystalline masses, per- 
manent in the air, odorless, having an acrid and 
persistent metallic taste, acid reaction, soluble in 16 
parts of water, in 3 parts of alcohol, and in 4 parts of 
ether. Its solubility in water is increased by the ad- 
dition of an equal weight of ammonium or sodium 
chloride. Four grains are neutralized by the white 
of one egg. It is incompatible with most substances, 
and therefore is best given alone. Dose: H. and C, 
gr. v.-viij.; D., gr. ^-J. 

Actions and Uses.— Alterative, caustic, corro- 
sive, and irritant poison; antiseptic, antiphlogistic, 
astringent, parasiticide. Its best antidote is the 
white of eggs. It is used in glanders, farcy, chronic 
skin eruptions, cedematous swellings of the legs 
resulting from weed; promotes the absorption of 
exudates. Small repeated doses for slimy bloody dys- 
entery in cattle. Externally to open joint as it coagu- 
lates albumin ; also to indolent sores as yellow wash 
(3ss. to aqua calcis Oi.). Concentrated solutions 
injected into the pipes of quittor, fistulse; charges 
of from fifteen to thirty grains, with or without 
arsenic, to slough out tumors which cannot well be 
removed by the knife. Solutions of 1 : 1,000 or 2,000 
as antiseptic to wounds, as dressing in foot-rot of 
sheep, to destroy lice, ringworm, and to allay itching 
of the skin. 

Unguentum Hydrargyria mercurial ointment 
(fifty per cent.); commonly known as blue oint- 
ment. Applied as a stimulant for indolent sores, 



ALTEKATIVES. 17 

ulcers, chronic and glandular swellings, mange, scab, 
scurvy skin diseases ; for the latter usually combined 
with tar and sulphur. Used also to destroy lice. 
Must be used with care, especially if applied over a 
large area, as mercurial poisoning might result from 
absorption. 

Unguentum Hydrargyri Ammoniati, ointment of 
ammoniated mercury or white precipitate ointment 
(ten per cent.), is used as a parasiticide in various 
forms of eczema, chronic inflammation of the joints, 
and conjunctivitis. 

Oleatum Hydrargyri (ten to twenty per cent.); 
yellow oxide mercury 10, oleic acid 90, U. S. P. 
Used for same purposes as the ointment, but is prob- 
ably more easily absorbed ; if for painful exostoses, 
combine with morphine. 

Hydrargyrum cum Creta, gray powder, mercury 
with chalk (triturate thoroughly 1 part mercury 
with chalk 2 parts, U. S. P.). Used as antacid, lax- 
ative, and alterative. For calves or foals, in diarrhoea 
or bilious indigestion, five to fifteen grains on the 
tongue, or with gruel and ginger or other aromatic 
stomachics. Dose D., gr. ss.-x. 

Hydrargyri Chloridum Mite, mild chloride of 
mercury, mercurous chloride, subchloride of mer- 
cury, calomel, aquila alba — Hg 2 Cl 2 — a white, impal- 
pable powder, permanent in the air, odorless and 
tasteless, insoluble in water, ether, or alcohol. It is 
blackened when brought in contact with water of 
ammonia. 

Actions and Uses. —Irritant, stimulant, altera- 



78 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

tive, antiseptic, antiphlogistic, emetic, for dogs and 
pigs. In passing out of the body calomel stimulates 
the various excretory channels, thereby acting as a 
cholagogue, cathartic, diuretic, diaphoretic, and sial- 
agogue. Applied externally as stimulant, desiccant, 
mild astringent, and antiseptic. It is given at the 
onset of acute diseases in the horse; in gastric fever 
with opium; in indigestion and diarrhoea of young 
animals ; in rheumatism in horses and cattle, with qui- 
nine and salicylic acid ; in jaundice, chronic liver trou- 
bles ; in congested liver with aloes. Has been given in 
glanders and chronic skin affections. Like all mercu- 
rials it controls inflammation and promotes absorption 
of waste by stimulating the lymphatics. Applied 
externally to indolent sores and wounds ; also as black 
wash ( 3 i. to aqua calcis Oi.). Dose: As alterative, 
H., 3i.-3i.; C, 3i.-3i. ; D., gr. ij.-iij. As ca- 
thartic, H., 3ss.-i., with aloes, 3 v.-vi. ; C, 
3 i.-ij., with Epsom salt, lb. i. ; D., gr. iij.-v., with 
powdered jalap, gr. xx.-xl. As emetic for the dog 
and pig, two to three grains with same amount of 
tartar emetic. Has also some vermifuge effect on 
both the horse and dog, but is seldom given alone for 
that purpose. 

Hydrargyri Iodidum Bubrum, red iodide of mer- 
cury, biniodide of mercury, mercuric iodide (Hgl 2 ) — 
a scarlet-red crystalline powder, permanent in the 
air, odorless and tasteless, almost insoluble in water, 
soluble in 130 parts of alcohol, in solution of iodide 
of potassium, and in solution of mercuric chloride. 

Action and Uses. — Biniodide of mercury is an 



ALTERATIVES. 79 

irritant similar to the mercuric chloride, but is more 
rapidly absorbed and more rapidly eliminated. It is 
used externally as an antiseptic, stimulant, counter- 
irritant, and absorbent; generally as an ointment 
with lard, vaseline, or other base, from eight to six- 
teen per cent., with or without cantharides. The 
" red ointment " is used for reducing and condensing 
splints, ringbones, spavins, and other bony exostoses. 
It penetrates deeply and arrests chronic inflamma- 
tion ; aids in the absorption of chronic enlargements, 
indurated, strained tendons, bursas, and joints. 
Stronger absorbent effects may be produced by com- 
bining it with iodine. Strong red ointment must be 
carefully used, as it causes considerable sloughing of 
the tissues and sometimes a permanent blemish. 
Again, when applied over a large surface, there may 
be caused acute mercurial poisoning through absorp- 
tion. Symptoms of "mercurialism" are salivation, 
spongy gums, fetid breath, loosening of the teeth, 
bluish line along margins of teeth, muscular pains, 
fever, diarrhoea, marked anaemia, and albuminuria, 

Colchicum — Meadow Saffron. 

Colchici Radix, the corm or root of colchicum 
autumnale; Colchici Semen, the seed of colchicum 
autumnale. Colchicum, or meadow saffron, belongs 
to the natural order Melanthacese, and contains an 
alkaloid, colchicine, tannic and gallic acids, sugar, 
starch, and a resin. The seed gives the most reliable 
preparations, and is subglobular in shape, about one- 
twelfth of an inch thick, slightly pointed at the hi- 



80 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

lum; reddish-brown, pitted, internally whitish, very 
hard and tough, bitter and somewhat acrid. The 
root or conn is about one inch long, ovoid, flattish, 
and with a groove on one side, externally brown and 
wrinkled, internally white and solid; often in trans- 
verse slices, reniform in shape, and breaking with 
a short mealy fracture; odorless; taste, sweetish- 
bitter and acrid. 

Chief Preparations. — Colchici Seminis Pulvis, 
powdered colchicum seed ; Colchici Radicis Pulvis, 
powdered colchicum root. Dose: H., 3 i.-ij. ; D., 
gr. i.-v. 

Extractum Colchici Seminis Fluidum, fluid ex- 
tract of colchicum seed. Dose: H., fl. 3 i.-iv. ; D., 
3ij.-xv. 

Colchicine/,, colchicine. Dose: H., gr. i.-v.; D., 

Action and Uses. — Emetic in large doses; gas- 
trointestinal irritant and colicky drastic purgative. 
In moderate doses, diaphoretic, diuretic, and cardiac 
depressant while small doses decrease the amount 
of sweat and urine. Arterial tension is lowered and 
the heart is depressed by reflex action. Moderate 
doses increase the excretion of salts by the kidneys, 
especially of urea, and stimulate the flow of bile. It 
is used in constitutional ophthalmia, in rheumatism 
in the subacute or chronic form only, usually with 
salol or potassium iodide. In azoturea with potas- 
sium acetate or lithium citrate. In acute cerebral 
congestion and in ascites, full doses with opium and 
strophanthus. 



ASTRINGENTS. 81 

ASTRINGENTS. 

Tannic and Gallic Acids. 

Preparations. — Acidum Tannicum, tannic acid, 
gallotannic acid, tannin — C u H 10 O 9 . Light yellow- 
ish scales, permanent in the air, having a faint, 
peculiar odor, a strongly astringent taste, and acid 
reaction. Soluble in 6 parts of water, in 0.6 part 
alcohol, in 6 parts glycerin; almost insoluble in ether 
and chloroform. It is incompatible with alkaloids 
and preparations of iron. Dose: H., 3 ss.-ij. ; D., 
gr. ij.-x. 

Glycerinum Acidi Tannici, glycerine of tannin. 
Twenty per cent, strong ; for local use only. 

Unguentum Acidi Tannici, ointment of tannic 
acid. For local use only ; made ten per cent, strong. 

Acidum Gallicum, gallic acid — HC 7 H 5 5 .H 2 0. 
A nearly or quite colorless solid, crystallizing from 
water in long, silky needles or triclinic prisms ; per- 
manent in the air, odorless, having an astringent 
and slightly acidulous taste and acid reaction. Sol- 
uble in 100 parts water, in 4.5 parts alcohol, in 39 
parts absolute ether, but only slightly soluble in chlo- 
roform. Dose same as tannic acid. 

Differences betiveen Tannic and Gallic Acids. 
— Tannin precipitates alkaloids, gelatin, albumen, 
gelatinized starch, and tartar emetic, while gallic 
acid does not, but when taken into the stomach is 
first converted into gallic acid before absorption. 



82 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

The tannin when oxidized being changed into gallic 
acid makes the difference between them seem simply 
that of oxidation, w T hile if tannin is considered to be 
gallic acid anhydride, it would be a matter of hydra- 
tion. Gallic acid may be prepared from tannin by 
the action of dilute sulphuric acid, but is usually ob- 
tained from nutgalls after exposure to artificial heat 
for a period of one month. Tannic acid is also ob- 
tained from nutgalls. 

Other vegetable astringents depending on tannic 
or gallic acid for their therapeutical value are : 

Galla, nutgall, the gall of Quercus lusitanica, 
caused by the punctures and deposited ova of a cer- 
tain insect. They are subglobular in shape, about 
three-fourths of an inch in diameter, somewhat tu- 
berculated above, otherwise smooth, heavy, and hard; 
sometimes showing a circular hole near the middle, 
communicating with the central cavity; blackish 
olive-green or grayish; fracture granular, grayish. 
In the centre a cavity containing either the partly 
developed insect, or pulverulent remains of it. Nearly 
inodorous, taste strongly astringent. Contains tan- 
nin, sixty to seventy per cent. ; gallic acid, three per 
cent. ; besides pectin, sugar, starch, etc. Dose of the 
powdered galls twice that of tannic acid. 

Hamamelis, witch-hazel, the leaves of Hamamelis 
virginica (Linne) of the natural order Hamamelaceae, 
collected in autumn. Contains about eight per cent, 
of tannic acid, and a bitter principle ; it is best known 
as the household preparation, Pond's extract or ex- 
tract of witch-hazel. 



ASTKINGENTS. 83 

Quercus Albce Cortex, white-oak bark. Contains 
quercitannic acid, quercin, but no gallic acid. 

Catechu, kutch, cutch, a dry extract from the 
wood of Acacia catechu, natural order Leguminosse, 
a stout, climbing shrub from the islands of the Indian 
archipelago. Contains catechu-tannic and catechuic 
acids. Dose: H., 3i.-iij.; D., gr. v.-xxx. 

Tinctura Catechu Composita, U. S. P. (catechu 
12, cinnamon 8, dilute alcohol to make 100 parts of 
finished tincture) . Dose: H., fl. 1 ss.-iij. ; D.,tt[xx.- 
fl.3ij. 

Kino, a gum resin obtained from the juice of 
Pterocarpus marsupium, natural order Leguminosse, 
very similar to catechu. Contains kinotannic acid, 
kinoin. Dose same as of catechu. 

Physiological Action. — Tannic and gallic 
acids, although similar in action as well as appear- 
ance and properties, differ in the degree of their ac- 
tion, tannin being the more powerful astringent of 
the two. They are both antiseptic, and their contin- 
ued use disorders digestion, irritates mucous sur- 
faces, and causes emaciation. Tannin enters the 
blood as gallic and pyrogallic acids, which change 
takes place in the stomach; precipitates pepsin and 
coagulates albumin; checks peristalsis and causes 
constipation. For these reasons gallic acid is prefer- 
able to tannin for internal use. Tannin, however, 
should be used when an antidote for alkaloidal poi- 
soning is required, since it forms practically insoluble 
compounds with most of the alkaloids as well as with 
tartar emetic. Catechu and kino are among the best 



84 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDIC A. 

of the vegetable astringents, and are used to check 
chronic mucous discharges from the throat and ali- 
mentary canal. Hamamelis is said to have especial 
value in checking venous hemorrhages. 

Therapeutics. — Tannic and gallic acids are useful 
in hematuria, albuminuria, hemorrhages from the 
lower bowel, catarrhal affections of mucous surfaces; 
also locally to ulcers, eczema, impetigo, intertrigo, 
and otorrhoea. Kino and catechu are very service- 
able in diarrhoea and dysentery, and the former is ap- 
plied locally in powder form as a styptic. Corneal 
ulcers are successfully treated with a weak solution of 
tannin ; also conjunctivitis after the acute symptoms 
have yielded to other treatment. A decoction of oak 
bark is frequently used as a stimulant, antiseptic, 
and astringent injection to check inordinate dis- 
charges from the genito-urinary organs. 

Argentum — Silver . 

Chief Preparation employed in veterinary prac- 
tice is : 

Argenti Nitras, nitrate of silver, lapis infernalis ; 
Argenti Nitras Fusus, lunar caustic, fused nitrate 
of silver. Nitrate of silver — AgN0 3 — is found in 
commerce as colorless, transparent, tabular, rhombic 
crystals, becoming gray or grayish-black on exposure 
to light in presence of organic matter; odorless, hav- 
ing a bitter, caustic, and strongly metallic taste and 
neutral reaction. Soluble in 0.8 part of water and 
in 26 parts of alcohol. It should be kept in dark-col- 



ASTRINGENTS. 85 

ored glass bottles and protected from the light. The 
fused nitrate of silver is prepared by melting AgN0 3 
at a low temperature, treating with HC1, and pouring 
the melted mass into suitable moulds. Nitrate of sil- 
ver is incompatible with organic matter, soluble chlo- 
rides, most mineral acids and their salts, alkalies and 
their carbonates, lime-water, and astringent infu- 
sions. It is always best given dissolved in distilled 
water. Dose: H., gr. ij.-x. ; D., gr. j— \. 

Physiological Action. — Externally, irritant, 
corrosive, caustic, astringent, antiseptic; internally, 
astringent and nerve tonic. Its continued internal 
administration produces gasto-intestinal catarrh, 
uraemia, albuminuria, emaciation, fatty degeneration 
of heart, liver, and kidneys, hemorrhages, impaired 
nerve functions, and death by paralysis of respira- 
tory centres. A single large dose causes violent gas- 
troenteritis and ulceration of the stomach. A course 
of silver treatment should not exceed four or five 
weeks, and must be followed by purgatives and diure- 
tics to assist in its elimination, else silver poisoning 
may result. 

Therapeutics. — Chronic nerve troubles of dogs, 
such as chronic paralysis, epilepsy, chorea; chronic 
spinal affections causing locomotor ataxia or para- 
plegia. In diarrhoea and dysentery with or without 
opium, especially if chronic ; also in chronic gastritis. 
In purpura in the horse it should find universal use. 
Locally to destroy fungoid growths, warts, to stimu- 
late indolent wounds and ulcers, to slough out fistu- 
las, as in quittor. In solution to foot-rot of sheep 



86 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

and cattle; in erysipelas to edges of affected part; in 
conjunctivitis, inflamed and suppurating eyelids 
(gr. ss. to fl. 1 i. of distilled water) ; to remove specks 
and opacity of cornea if of recent origin and due to 
mjury. (Must be carefully used on the eye, else it 
/cave opacities due to deposits of the metal.) Its 
aqueous solution as a spray in treatment of laryngeal 
ulcers, follicular tonsillitis, and pharyngitis- 

Cuprum — Copper. 

Chief Preparations. — Cupri Acetas, acetate 
of copper, verdigris, aerugo — Cu(C 2 H 3 2 ) 2 .H 2 0; 
199.2. Deep green, prismatic crystals, yielding a 
bright green powder, efflorescent on exposure to air, 
odorless, having a nauseating, metallic taste and 
acid reaction. Soluble in 15 parts of water and in 
135 parts of alcohol. Dose: H., 3 i.-ij. ; D., gr. £-2. 

Cupri Sulphas, sulphate of copper, blue vitriol — 
CuS0 4 .5H 2 0; 249.2. Large, translucent, deep-blue, 
triclinic crystals, efflorescent, odorless, having a nau- 
seating metallic taste and acid reaction. Soluble in 
2.6 parts of water and insoluble in alcohol. Dose 
same as of the acetate. 

Treatment of Copper Poisoning. — The best anti- 
dote to the salts of copper are the ferrocyanide of po- 
tassium and albumen. Emetics and stomach-pump 
if practicable ; then follow with a course of potassium 
iodide to assist in its elimination. 

Physiological Action. — Given internally, large 
doses produce fatal gastro-enteritis and diarrhoea; 



ASTRINGENTS. 87 

repeated full doses cause colicky pains and chronic 
intestinal irritation. Medicinal doses act as a tonic, 
antiseptic, astringent, and vermifuge. It is a prompt 
emetic for the dog. Applied externally as a stimu- 
lant, astringent, antiseptic, and caustic to foul 
wounds, sores, ulcers, fistulse, farcy buds, exuberant 
granulations, and to check superficial hemorrhage. 
Given internally in farcy, glanders, purpura, chronic 
diarrhoea and dysentery, nasal gleet, and as a nerve 
tonic in dogs suffering from chorea and epilepsy. 

Plumbum — Lead. 

Chief Preparations. — Plumbi Acetas, acetate 
of lead, sugar of lead— Pb(C 2 H 3 O a ) 2 .3H 2 0; 378.5. 
Colorless, shining, transparent, prismatic crystals or 
scales, efflorescent, and attracting carbonic acid on 
exposure to air, having a faintly acetous odor, 
a sweetish, astringent, afterward metallic taste and 
faintly acid reaction. Soluble in 1.8 parts of water 
and in 8 parts of alcohol. Dose : H., 3 ss.-i. ; D., gr. 
i.-iij. 

Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis, acetum plumbi, solu- 
tion of subacetate of lead, Goulard's extract. Pre- 
pared by boiling together for a half-hour lead ace- 
tate 17, lead oxide 12, and distilled water to make 
100 parts; to be filtered when cool. This forms a 
perfectly clear alkaline liquid, which, however, some- 
times becomes turbid on standing. 

Liquor Plumbi Subacetaiis Dilutus, aqua plumbi, 
diluted solution of subacetate of lead, lead water 
(Goulard's extract 3, water 97). 



88 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

Liquor Plumbi et Opii, solution of lead and opium. 
A local sedative, anodyne, and astringent application 
(Goulard's extract §ss., laudanum §iss., water 
3 xiv.). 

Chronic lead-poisoning produces a bluish line along 
the margins of the gums, an unsteady gait, swellings 
around the articulations (with heat or tenderness), 
impaired sensibility, difficult breathing, in some ani- 
mals constipation, in others diarrhoea with colicky 
pains. It is best treated with sodium iodide to satura- 
tion. The antidotes for acute lead-poisoning are Ep- 
som salt or Glauber salt; the stomach-pump if prac- 
ticable; albuminous drenches and henbane or opium 
to relieve irritability. 

Physiological Action. — Lead salts are astrin- 
gent and styptic if given internally; externally, 
astringent, mildly antiseptic, anodyne, and slightly 
stimulate to absorption of deposits of inflammatory- 
products. 

Therapeutics. — In eczema, erythema and im- 
petigo, combined with glycerin, carbolic acid, and 
water. To burns, the carron oil with Goulard's ex- 
tract or Goulard's extract and linseed oil. To sprains 
and strains, also painful swellings, the liquor plumbi 
et opii ; catarrhal discharges of muco-purulent charac- 
ter; to wounds and abrasions. In internal hemor- 
rhages, the acetate ; the same with or without opium 
in diarrhoea and dysentery. Should not be applied 
to the eye, as it may leave a deposit which is difficult 
to remove. 



ASTRINGENTS. 89 



Zincum — Zinc. 

Chief Preparations. — Zinci Acetas, acetate of 
zinc. Soft, white, micaceous or pearly, six-sided tab- 
lets or scales, somewhat efflorescent in dry air, hav- 
ing a faintly acetous odor, a sharp, metallic taste, and 
a slightly acid reaction. Soluble in 3 parts of water 
and in 30 parts of alcohol. Is employed mostly ex- 
ternally. Dose, same as of the sulphate. 

Zinci Carbonas, carbonate of zinc. A white, im- 
palpable powder, permanent in air, odorless, tasteless, 
insoluble in water or alcohol. Dose: H., 3 ij.-iv. ; 
D., gr. ij.-vi. 

Zinci Chloridum, chloride of zinc. A white, crys- 
talline powder, or white, opaque pieces, very deli- 
quescent, having a very caustic, saline, and metallic 
taste and acid reaction. Soluble in both alcohol and 
water. It should be kept in small glass-stoppered 
bottles. It is used externally only. 

Zinci Oxidmn, zinc oxide. A soft, pale-yellow- 
ish, or nearly white powder, permanent in air, odor- 
less, tasteless, insoluble in water or alcohol. Dose 
same as of the carbonate. 

Zinci Sulphas, sulphate of zinc, white vitriol. 
Small, colorless, right rhombic prisms or acicular 
needles, slowly efflorescing in dry air, having a sharp, 
saline, nauseous, and metallic taste and acid reac- 
tion; soluble in 0.6 part of water, insoluble in alco- 
hol. Dose: H., 3 ss.-ij. ; D., gr. i.-iij. (as an emetic 
in water, gr. viij.-xv.). 



90 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

Physiological Actions.— The zinc salts are mild 
astringents, being not so powerful as the correspond- 
ing salts of lead, and do not exhibit the tendency to 
accumulate in the system which is peculiar to most 
metallic salts. The acetate, chloride, and sulphate 
are known as the "soluble zinc salts," and if given in 
overdoses will cause violent gastro-enteritis. The 
acetate given internally is a nerve tonic and emetic ; 
externally, stimulant and astringent. It is formed in 
the well-known "white wash" (plumbi acetici, zinci 
sulphurici, aa J i. ; aquae, Oi.). The chloride, inter- 
nally, is a powerful irritant poison; externally, anti- 
septic, astringent, stimulant, and caustic. Employed 
also as disinfectant and deodorizer, and is known by 
many as "zinc butter." The sulphate, internally, as 
a tonic, but is inferior to iron. As an internal astrin- 
gent it is more powerful than the lead or silver salts; 
also used as an emetic. Externally, stimulant, astrin- 
gent, and antiseptic. 

The oxide and carbonate are mild astringents, pro- 
tectees, and desiccants. The long-continued use of 
the salts of zinc may at times produce symptoms re- 
sembling those of lead-poisoning, but not so severe, 
and yielding more rapidly to the usual treatment. 

Therapeutics. — To inflamed and catarrhal condi- 
tions of mucous membranes, weak solutions of the 
acetate or sulphate. In conjunctivitis, a collyrium 
of the acetate or sulphate, with or without atropine 
(grs. i.-iv. of the zinc salts to the ounce of distilled 
water). To relieve the tenderness and itching of skin 
diseases, the oxide or carbonate made into an oint- 



ASTRINGENTS. 91 

ment with tar and vaseline; diarrhoea and dysentery, 
the sulphate together with opium ; chorea, if recent, 
in the dog, the sulphate; if chronic, the iron salts are 
preferable. A solution of the sulphate with a small 
amount of sulphuric acid may be used to check local 
hemorrhage, excessive perspiration, or mucous dis- 
charge. To wounds, sores, ulcers — the white wash 
or the sulphate in solution. The chloride as a caus- 
tic to poisoned wounds, unhealthy granulations, foot- 
rot in sheep ; as a wound dressing, two to three per 
cent. Epilepsy — the oxide in small doses. As a 
prompt and efficient emetic in narcotic poisoning, the 
sulphate dissolved in warm water. 

Alumen — Alum. 

The alums are a series of compounds of aluminum 
with a sulphate of an alkaline metal or group (potas- 
sium, sodium, or ammonium). The official prepara- 
tion is the potassium-alum or potassic-aluminic 
sulphate, and is a combination of the sulphate of 
aluminum with the sulphate of potassium; it is 
therefore called a double sulphate. 

Preparations. — Alumen, alum, potassium alum. 
Occurs as large, colorless, octahedral crystals, some- 
times modified by cubes, acquiring a whitish coating 
on exposure to air, odorless, having a sweetish, astrin- 
gent taste, and an acid reaction. Soluble in 10.5 
parts of water, insoluble in alcohol. When gradually 
heated it gives off twenty-four molecules of water, 
and becomes dried alum. Dose: H., 3ij.-iv. ; D., 
gr. x.-xx. 



92 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

Alumen Exsiccatum, Alumen Ustum, dried alum. 
A white granular powder, attracting moisture when 
exposed to the air, odorless, having a sweetish, astrin- 
gent taste, and slowly but entirely soluble in 20 parts 
of water. 

Incompatibles are salts of iron, manganese, bis- 
muth, antimony, lead, and salts of most of the alka- 
loids; it is therefore best given alone. 

Physiological Actions. — Alum is a very mild 
caustic, a good astringent, but is not so active as the 
copper and zinc salts. It stimulates muscular con- 
traction, coagulates albumin, at first excites the flow 
of saliva, and then greatly diminishes it. Having 
the power to coagulate and precipitate pepsin, it ar- 
rests digestion, stops peristalsis, and usually causes 
constipation. Large repeated doses act as a violent 
gastro-intestinal irritant and frequently cause diar- 
rhoea. Weak solutions coagulate albumin, but enter 
the blood, constrict the capillaries, check secretions, 
especially those of mucous surfaces, and arrest capil- 
lary hemorrhages. Alum is also given as an emetic, 
is very efficient, and leaves no depressant after-effects. 

Therapeutics. — Small doses are serviceable in 
gastric catarrh and to check hemorrhage at distant 
points. Leucorrhcea and gonorrhoea are satisfactor- 
ily treated with injections of alum, zinc sulphate, and 
borax. To ulcers, sores — the dried alum as a stimu- 
lant and caustic. Aphthous, ulcerated conditions of 
the mouth, sore throat — spray, gargle, or wash of 
alum with carbolic acid. Catarrhal ophthalmia, in 
the acute stage — a collyrium of alum grs. v. to the 



MOTOR EXCITANTS. 93 

ounce of distilled water. Open joint, one of the most 
satisfactory treatments — equal parts of dried alum 
and iodoform. Uterine hemorrhages, post-partum 
hemorrhage — douche of alum eight ounces to one gal- 
lon water, and ergot and tincture of opium inter- 
nally. Diarrhoea and dysentery — alum with tincture 
of opium ; but lead salts and vegetable astringents are 
more effectual. Alum has been given with some 
success in hematuria and polyuria. As a very good 
emetic for the dog, 3i. in warm water. Pipe-clay 
or argyl, and fuller's earth, both preparations of alu- 
minum silicate, are mild astringents, and are used as 
dusting powders for simple wounds, harness galls, etc. 



MOTOR EXCITANTS. 

Nux Vomica. 

Source and Composition. — The seeds of strych- 
nos nux vomica, an East Indian tree, belonging to 
the natural order Loganiacese. It contains two alka- 
loids, strychnine and brucine, the former being the 
more important, which are combined with igasuric 
acid in the plant. They are also found in lesser quan- 
tity in other plants of this order. Brucine, although 
corresponding physiologically as well as therapeuti- 
cally with strychnine, is only one-twelfth as strong, 
while strychnine is fully fifty times more active than 
the powdered nux vomica. Nux vomica is some- 
times known as Quaker button. 

Chief Preparations.— Extr actum Nucis Vom- 



94 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

icae, solid extract of nux vomica. Dose: H., gr. 
iv.-viij.; C, gr. viij.-xvi. ; D., gr. %-%. 

Extractum Nucis Vomicae Fluidum, fluid extract 
of nux vomica. Dose : H., 3 ss.-i. ; C, fl. 3 ss.-ii. ; 
D., Tf[ ss.-iij. 

Tinctura Nucis Vomicae, tincture of nux vomica, 
twenty per cent. Dose : H., fl. 3 ijss.-v. ; C, fl. 3 iij. 
-fl. Si.; D., mij.-x. 

Pulvis Nucis Vomicae, powdered nux vomica. 
Dose: H., 3 ss.-i. ; C, 3i.-ij.; D., gr. ss.-ij. 

Strychnince Sulphas, strychnine sulphate. Dose: 
H., gr. i.-ij.; C, gr. ij.-v. ; D., gr. eWtr 

If used subcutaneously, one-fourth to one-half of 
these doses. 

Sulphate of str} 7 chnine occurs as colorless or whit- 
ish, shining, prismatic crystals, efflorescent in dry 
air, odorless, having an intensely bitter taste and 
neutral reaction. Soluble in 10 parts of water, in 60 
parts of alcohol, and in 26 parts of glycerin, but in- 
soluble in ether. 

Antidotes for Strychnine Poisoning. — Tannic 
acid to form the insoluble tannate ; emetics or stom- 
ach-pump, if possible ; absolute rest. Evacuate blad- 
der frequently to prevent reabsorption. Antagonists 
are chloral, chloroform, and physostigmine. 

Physiological Actions.— Small doses act as a 
bitter tonic, stimulate respiration, secretion, appetite, 
and digestion; increase peristalsis, stimulate the 
heart, respiratory and vasomotor centres, so that ar- 
terial tension is raised and the arterioles are con- 
tracted. The rapidity and depth of the respirations 



MOTOR EXCITANTS. 95 

are increased, as is also the body temperature to a 
slight degree. Full doses dilate the pupils, relax the 
arterioles, lower blood pressure, produce spasmodic 
respirations, twitching of the muscles, and jerking of 
the extremities. Toxic doses, especially if given on 
an empty stomach, rapidly produce tonic spasms, par- 
ticularly of the extensor muscles, rapidly succeeding 
each other on the least irritation, with intervals of 
repose (differential diagnosis from tetanus, where the 
spasm is constant) . 

Death takes place very rapidly in one or two 
hours, according to the size of the dose. Very large 
doses kill almost instantly, death taking place by C0 2 
poisoning, as the respiratory muscles become com- 
pletely paralyzed. 

Strychnine exalts all the functions of the cord. If 
given in larger doses there is over-stimulation; in 
further increased doses the entire cord is suddenly 
paralyzed — i.e., the spinal functions are destroyed at 
one blow. Strychnine is absorbed more rapidly from 
the rectum than from the stomach, and still more 
rapidly from the bronchi and cellular tissues. It is 
slowly excreted in an unchanged condition in the 
urine. 

Therapeutics. — Nux vomica and strychnine are 
among the very best of the respiratory, cardiac, 
muscular, and nerve stimulants and tonics. Strych- 
nine is a powerful antagonist in poisoning by opium 
or morphine. In anaamia, chlorosis, and con- 
vales cence from debilitating diseases, strychnine 
combined with iron and quinine; tetanus; atonic 



96 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

dyspepsia; gastric catarrh; chronic or habitual con- 
stipation, and colic resulting therefrom; to assist in 
the action of purgatives. For local paralysis, inject 
strychnine into affected muscles once or twice a week. 
Post-partum paralysis and chronic paralysis of cattle ; 
dyspnoea from pulmonic affections ; also in roaring 
and broken wind. Cardiac failure from any cause; 
cerebro-spinal meningitis; stringhalt; chorea, asth- 
ma, and chronic bronchitis in dogs. Strychnine 
stimulates the sexual functions if continued for some 
weeks. Combined with cantharis in small doses it is 
an effectual remedy to relieve relaxation of sphincter 
muscles of the bladder. 

Ergota— Ergot. 

Ergota, ergot of rye, Secale cornutum, horned or 
spurred rye. The sclerotium of Claviceps purpurea, 
natural order Fungi, replacing the grain of Secale ce- 
reale, natural order Graminacese. Somewhat fusi- 
form, obtusely triangular, usually curved, about one 
inch long and one-eighth inch thick, three-furrowed, 
obtuse at both ends, purplish-black in color, whitish 
internally with some purplish striae, breaking with a 
short fracture ; having a peculiar, heavy odor and a 
disagreeable, oily taste. It contains three distinct 
active principles: 1. Ergotic or ergotinic acid, hav- 
ing no power to contract muscular fibre, but acting 
on the heart, respiration, nerves, and producing con- 
vulsions. 2. Sphacelinic or sphacelic acid, soluble in 
alcohol, which stimulates vasomotor centres, and igj 



MOTOE EXCITANTS. 97 

the chief agent in producing gangrene of the extrem- 
ities in chronic ergotism. 3. Cornutine, an alkaloid, 
which produces convulsions, ergotism, and increased 
peristalsis of the uterus. Ergot also contains a non- 
drying oil, with trimethylamine, and lactie and phos- 
phoric acids. 

Preparations of Ergot. — Ergota Pulvis, pow- 
dered ergot. Dose: H., § ss.-i. ; D., gr. xv.-xxx. 

Extractum Ergotce, solid extract of ergot, ergotin. 
Dose: H., gr. xx.-xl. ; D., gr. i.-v. (prepared by 
evaporating fluid extract 5 parts to 1 part) . 

Extractum Ergotce Fluidum, fluid extract of 
ergot. Dose: H., fl. 3 iij.-viij. ; D., ^[ x.-xx. 

Ergotole, a very concentrated fluid extract, is 
manufactured by Messrs. Sharp & Dohme, of Balti- 
more, Md. It is two and one-half times stronger than 
the official fluid extract, and contains in permanent 
solution all the active principles of ergot in an un- 
changed condition and permanent form, while the in- 
ert and irritating constituents have been removed. It 
does not produce nausea even in repeated large doses, 
and being non-irritant is especially valuable for hypo- 
dermic medication. Dose: H., 3 ss.-iij. ; D., ^l v.- 
xxx. 

Medicinal Actions and Uses. — As a parturient, 
but should not be used until after the head and neck 
of foetus have passed the os uteri. Ergot acts as a 
motor excitant, haemostatic, stimulating chiefly the 
spinal cord, and effecting a contraction of the muscu- 
lar coat of vessels, intestines, and particularly of the 
uterus ; in fact, its action* is directed mostly to wher - 



98 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

ever we find unstriped muscular tissue. Large doses 
produce cerebral and spinal anaemia. The main fac- 
tor in producing the gangrene of ergotism is the con- 
traction of the arterioles. Acute ergotism in the 
horse manifests itself by salivation and colicky pains ; 
chronic ergotism causes convulsions and gangrene of 
the extremities. The extremities at first become 
numb and cold ; soon a small bleb or blister is formed 
an inch or two above the coronet. This blister has 
a bluish tint, breaks, suppurates, and gangrene is 
established. 

Inflammations of mucous surfaces are well treated 
with ergot both internally as well as locally; acute 
dysentery in the congestive stage; arterial hemor- 
rhage — ergot is one of the best remedies. In parturi- 
ent apoplexy, cerebro-spinal meningitis, phrenitis and 
encephalitis, aneurism, cardiac hypertrophy without 
valvular lesion, myelitis, spinal congestion, inconti- 
nence of urine, and chronic metritis. Injections of 
ergotole to reduce aneurism al sacs, fibroid tumors, etc. 

Digitalis — Foxglove. 

The leaves of Digitalis purpurea, natural order Scro- 
phularinese, collected from plants of the second year's 
growth. They are from four to twelve inches long, 
of a dull-green color; odor faint and tea-like, taste 
bitter and nauseating. The plant grows wild in Eu- 
rope, is cultivated in this country in gardens for its 
beautiful spike of purple flowers, and largely by the 
Shakers for the drug market. According to the most 
accurate analysis available (Schmiedeberg's), digi- 



MOTOR EXCITANTS. 99 

talis contains five principles — viz. 1. Digitalin, 
amorphous, soluble in alcohol, insoluble in water, 
and is the active ingredient of digitalinum, U. S. P. 

2. Digitoxin, insoluble in water, slightly soluble in 
alcohol, but the most active of all. 3. Digitalein, sol- 
uble both in water and alcohol. 4th. Digitonin, solu- 
ble in water, but only slightly soluble in alcohol. It 
is quite active, but, like saponin, forms a solution 
which froths readily and antagonizes the three first 
mentioned. 5. Digitin, which is apparently inert. 
The first three are cardiac poisons, the fourth antag- 
onizes them ; all five are non-nitrogenous, and, except 
digitin, are glucosides. Digitalis contains no true 
alkaloid. 

Preparations. — Folia Digitalis Pulvis, pow- 
dered digitalis leaf. Dose: H., gr. xv.-3ss. ; D., 
gr. i.-iij. 

Extractum Digitalis, solid extract of digitalis. 
Dose: H., gr. v.-xv. ; D., gr. \-\. 

Extractum Digitalis Fluidum, fluid extract of 
digitalis. Dose: H., HI xv.-xl. ; D., in, i.-iij. 

Tinctura Digitalis, tincture of digitalis (fifteen 
per cent). Dose: H., fl. 3 ij.-v. ; D., tt[ iij.-xiij. 

Infusum Digitalis, infusion of digitalis. Dose: 
H., fl. f ij.-iv. ; fl3i.-iv. (digitalis leaf 3, cinnamon 

3, boiling water 185, alcohol 15, water to make 200 
parts). 

Digitalinum, digitalin. Dose: Ho, gr. J— J; D., 

gr- ihnk- 

Physiological Action.— Digitalis is a cardiac 
tonic and vascular stimulant, a motor excitant, para- 



100 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

lyzant, anaphrodisiac, diuretic, and emetic. Over- 
doses irritate the mucous membranes, causing sneez- 
ing, severe gastric disturbance, nausea, vomiting in 
some animals, colicky pains and purgation, the dis- 
charges being of a greenish color. It reduces tem- 
perature, presumably by decreasing the blood supply 
to the tissues. Digitalis slows the heart, but in- 
creases the force of the heart muscle. It stimulates 
the cardiac motor ganglia, the inhibitory apparatus, 
and vasomotor centre, contracting the arterioles, and 
thereby greatly raising arterial tension. Continued 
full doses exhaust the irritability of the motor gan- 
glia and paralyze the cardiac muscle itself. It de- 
creases the sexual appetite, lessens the contractile 
power of striped muscular tissue, causes weakness 
and languor; the excretion of urea, while at first in- 
creased, is very soon much diminished. The diuretic 
action of digitalis is due to its peculiar influence upon 
the general and renal circulation. It greatly increases 
blood pressure in the kidneys, as well as the rap- 
idity of the renal circulation. Toxic doses decrease 
the reflexes, paralyze the muscles and the peripheral 
nerves, motor and sensory ; respirations become rapid 
and feeble ; cyanosis, coma, and convulsions follow ; 
death takes place by sudden paralysis of the heart, 
which is arrested in systole (aconite arrests heart in 
diastole). 

The curative effects of digitalis are brought about 
in some of the following ways : 1st, By strengthening 
the heart's action; 2d, by reducing the strength of 
the heart beats if that organ is acting too powerfully ; 



MOTOR EXCITANTS. 101 

3d, by lessening the frequency of the heart beats ; 
4th, by correcting irregularity in the heart's action. 

Antidotes and Antagonists. — The best chemical 
antidote is tannin, but the stomach-pump or emetics 
must be used if possible, as the tannate of digitalin 
is not entirely inactive. The best antagonist for 
large doses is aconite, while opium is very service- 
able to counteract the effects of its long-continued 
use. 

Incompatibles are tannic acid, most of the iron 
preparations, and cinchona. 

Therapeutics.— -Enfeebled or irregular heart's 
action during influenza ; mitral disease ; in hypertro- 
phy of old horses when overworked, with weak pulse; 
difficult breathing and dropsical effusions if resulting 
from weak heart; palpitation from overwork or ex- 
ertion after a full meal; pericarditis; endocarditis; 
hemorrhage from lungs, stomach, or from large sur- 
faces. In pneumonia in earlier stage, to help relieve 
the local engorgement. In treating thick wind or 
broken wind; coughs; combined with potassium ni- 
trate or acetate as a diuretic; various dropsical affec- 
tions. The chief indications for the use of digitalis 
are enfeebled, irregular, or irritable heart, deficient 
arterial pressure, venous engorgement, ..and scanty 
secretion of urine. Digitalis should not be used in 
aortic disease or hypertrophy if pulse is strong, firm, 
and regular. It has been recommended in purpura, 
combined with copper sulphate in small doses. Ac- 
cording to some authors digitalis is cumulative in ac- 
tion, but personal experience fails to bear this out. 



102 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 



Strophanthus. 

The seeds of Strophanthus hispidus (natural order 
Apocynaceaa) , an African climbing plant, from which 
the natives prepare a deadly arrow poison known as 
kombe. It contains from eight to ten per cent, of 
strophanthin, a crystalline glucoside, which is its ac- 
tive principle. 

Preparations. — Tinctura Strophanti (five per 
cent.), tincture of strophanthus. Dose: H., fl. 3 i.- 
ij.; D., m i.-v. 

Strophanthinum, strophanthin. Dose: H., gr. 

_1 1. f) (TV -i J 

10 2? -L'-j 6 1 ' 120 60' 

Physiological Action. — Strophanthus acts very 
energetically upon muscular tissues, increasing the 
contractile power of all striped muscle. Its action 
is brought about by direct contact through the blood, 
and consequently, as the heart receives more blood 
than any other part of the organism, it is rapidly and 
strongly affected by doses too small to show much 
effect elsewhere ; for this reason small doses stimulate 
the heart's contractions and lower the rate of the 
heart beats ; at the same time blood pressure is raised 
and diuresis is produced. Large doses paralyze the 
heart, and if this has once taken place there is no 
way of relief, as the heart becomes so contracted as to 
seem almost of the rigidity of stone. Strophanthus 
is the most powerful and most rapid heart stimulant 
known, being much more powerful than digitalis, 
from which it differs in that it does not cause any 



MOTOR EXCITANTS. 103 

vasomotor constriction of the arterioles. It reduces 
the pulse, helps to lower body temperature, does not 
create any gastro-intestinal disturbance, and is not 
cumulative in action. It rapidly relieves cardiac 
dyspnoea, and its influence upon the circulation will 
last for a long time. According to Professor Frazer 
its effects have been known to continue for as long 
as eight days. It may be beneficially given in pal- 
pitation or exaggerated cardiac action, as from 
overwork or weak heart, to relieve dyspnoea of asth- 
ma, pulmonary oedema, acute endocarditis, chronic 
Bright's disease, and valvular lesions of the heart. 

Convallaria— Lily of the Valley. 

The well-known perennial plant, " lily of the val- 
ley," Convallaria majalis, belonging to the natural or- 
der Liliacese. All parts of the plant are used, but 
preparations of the root seem most active. It con- 
tains two active glucosides — viz. : Convallamarin, 
the cardiac-acting principle, soluble both in alcohol 
and in water; and convallarin, an emeto-cathartic 
principle, soluble in alcohol but insoluble in water; 
also an acrid resin resembling convallarin in action. 
The more important preparations of convallaria are : 

Extractum Convallarice Fluidum, fluid extract 
of convallaria. Dose: H., fl. 3ss.-ij.; D., HI ij.-x. 

Convallamarinum, convallamarinum. An amor- 
phous, white, bitter powder, soluble in water and in 
alcohol, but insoluble in ether. Dose: H., gr. x.- 
xxx. ; D., gr. ss.-ij. 



104 VETEKINAKY MATEKIA MEDICA. 

Physiological Action. — Convallaria is a very- 
valuable heart tonic, diminishing the frequency and 
increasing the strength of the heart beat, raises arte- 
rial tension, slows and deepens the respirations, and 
increases the amount of urine excreted. Unlike digi- 
talis, it has no cumulative action, but very closely re- 
sembles that drug in its action as a cardiac tonic and 
as a diuretic. In over-doses it is an active poison, 
causing irregular cardiac action, gastro-enteritis, rap- 
id feeble pulse, and greatly lowered blood pressure, 
slowed and labored respirations, and finally heart 
arrest in systole, by direct stimulation of its inhibi- 
tory apparatus. 

Therapeutics. — Convallaria is considered safer 
than digitalis, and may be employed in all cases 
where the latter drug is indicated. In cardiac neu- 
rosis it frequently gives prompt relief when digitalis 
has failed. 

Belladonna— Deadly Nightshade. 

The leaves and root of Atropa belladonna, a Euro- 
pean plant, natural order Solanacese, and containing 
two alkaloids. The more important of these, atro- 
pine, the active principle, is in general use ; while the 
other, known as belladonnine, is but seldom used for 
its therapeutic properties. The plant contains also 
malic acid and a coloring matter known as atrosin. 

Derivatives of Atropine. — Atropine may be re- 
solved into tropin and tropic acid, both of which, as 
well as atropine, may be produced synthetically. 
Homatropine is the product resulting from treating 



Motor excitants. 105 

the amygdalate of tropin with dilute HC1. Its hy- 
drobromate is much used by ophthalmologists, and is 
a cardiac depressant. 

Chief Preparations.— Pulvis Belladonnas Foli- 
orum, powdered belladonna leaf. Dose: H., 3 iv.- 
ii.; D., gr. v.-x. 

Tinctura Belladonnas Foliorum, tincture of bella- 
donna leaf (fifteen per cent.). Dose: H., fl. 3 ij.— 
fl. fi. ; D., mi]. -xxx. 

Extractum Belladonnas Foliorum Alcoholicum, 
alcoholic extract of belladonna leaves. Dose: H., gr. 
v.-xv. ; D., gr. -^-i. 

Extractum Belladonnas Radicis Fluidum, fluid 
extract of belladonna root. Dose: H., TT^xx.-fl. 3 ij. ; 

D., mi.-v. 

Unguentum Belladonnas, ointment of belladonna. 
For local use only. (Alcoholic extract of belladonna 
10, diluted alcohol 6, benzoin ated lard 84.) 

Linimentum Belladonnas, liniment of belladonna. 
For local use only. (Fluid extract of belladonna root 
95, camphor 5.) 

Atropinas Sulphas, sulphate of atropine. Dose: 
H., gr. ss.-iss. ; D., gr. ^ - 6 \ . Hypodermically, 
one-fourth to one-half of these doses. 

Sulphate of atropine is a white, indistinctly crystal- 
line powder, permanent in the air, odorless, having a 
very bitter, nauseating taste and a neutral reaction. 
Soluble in 0.4 part of water and in 6.5 parts of alco- 
hol. 

Physiological Actions.— Belladonna is a pow- 
erful mydriatic, an irritant narcotic, an antispas- 



106 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

moclic, and anodyne. It is a stimulant to the heart, 
respiration, and spinal cord if given in small doses, 
while large doses paralyze the secretory and motor 
nerve endings, but stimulate the sympathetic system. 
Its internal administration produces a dryness of the 
mucous membranes of the nose, mouth, throat, and 
larynx; while the gastric and intestinal secretions, 
although at first decreased, are soon reproduced in in- 
creased quantity. The heart rate at first is slowed, 
but shortly becomes very rapid and vigorous, the 
pulse being doubled in rapidity, arterial tension is 
raised, and circulation increased. This is brought 
about by belladonna directly stimulating the cardiac 
sympathetic and paralyzing the intracardiac inhibi- 
tory ganglia, which, while stimulating the accelera- 
tor apparatus, decreases the inhibitory power. Like 
other members of the same group, belladonna stimu- 
lates the vasomotor ganglia over the entire body, 
with paralysis by over-stimulation; thus the heart 
weakens, vessels become relaxed, blood pressure is 
greatly lowered, and if the action of the drug is al- 
lowed to continue, complete motor paralysis ensues, 
with delirium, stupor, and finally death by asphyxia 
(paralysis of respiration). Belladonna lessens intra- 
ocular pressure, and by its systemic as well as local 
administration dilates the pupil of the eye. The dil- 
atation reaches its maximum in the dog in from 
twenty to twenty-five minutes, in herbivora in from 
one-half to three-fourths of an hour, and its effects 
may continue in a lesser degree for several days. 
The brain is congested by belladonna and more or 



MOTOK EXCITAKTS. 107 

less delirium is produced, with hallucinations, mental 
disorder, and a tendency to irregular movements 
caused by a selective action of the drug upon the cells 
of the gray matter. The spinal cord is stimulated 
from the second cervical to almost the last dorsal ver- 
tebra, resulting finally in paralysis of both central 
and peripheral motor nerves, locomotory power being 
first lost in the posterior extremities. Sensation is 
somewhat impaired, but muscular irritability is un- 
affected. By the increased circulation metamor- 
phosis is greatly promoted, which, together with the 
increased respiration, raises the temperature. A 
scarlatina-like rash (seldom discernible in the lower 
animals) with dysphagia and sore throat, is occasion- 
ally produced by belladonna on the skin and fauces, 
and is due to capillary congestion resulting from the 
increased circulation. Belladonna is rapidly diffused 
and rapidly eliminated, which process is accom- 
plished chiefly by the kidneys. Large doses dimin- 
ish the excretion of urine, while small doses seem to 
be without effect in that particular. Since atropine 
is eliminated in an almost unchanged form, the urine 
of an animal under its action will dilate the pupil of 
another animal. The herbivora are not so profoundly 
affected by belladonna as the carnivora, the goat be- 
ing accredited with the ability of consuming quanti- 
ties of the leaf with impunity. On the dog the car- 
diac action of the drug is more apparent, while in 
the horse the cerebral action predominates. 

Antidotes and Antagonists. — Belladonna has 
been thought to have no direct physiological antago- 



108 VETERIXARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

nist, but opium counteracts its effects on the cere- 
brum, heart, respiration, arterial tension, pupil, and 
kidne3 T s ; while aconite, eserine, pilocarpine, and qui- 
nine, each antagonize some of its effects. Later in- 
vestigations, however, have shown that muscarine, an 
active toxic alkaloid from Agaricus muscarius, the 
fly-agaric, is a complete, prompt, and perfect physio- 
logical antagonist to atropine. In treating belladon- 
na poisoning, tannic acid, emetics, and the stomach- 
pump when practicable, should be employed. 

Therapeutics. — Belladonna is used to relieve the 
pain attendant upon various inflammations, rheuma- 
tism, cancer, pelvic affections ; to stimulate the weak- 
ened heart, as in influenza; in catarrh, pharyngitis, 
laryngitis, and bronchitis. Very serviceable in the 
second stage of respiratory diseases in the horse, 
when secretion is abundant, deglutition difficult, and 
the throat sore and irritable. Spasmodic cough of 
bronchitis and distemper is very amenable to bella- 
donna with ammonium carbonate. Spasmodic colic 
is frequently treated with belladonna and camphor 
and chloral, or belladonna with aconite and solution 
of acetate of ammonia. In constipation — combined 
with nux vomica and aloes; also given to assist in 
the action of other purgatives and prevent their grip- 
ing. In tetanus — belladonna with alcohol in large 
doses; also the extract smeared upon the teeth. In 
cerebral and spinal hyperemia, encephalitis, menin- 
gitis, and myelitis — with ergot and use of cerebral or 
spinal ice bag. Given internally or as an injection, 
belladonna relieves irritation of the bladder and urin- 



MOTOE EXCITANTS. 109 

ary apparatus, rectum, and uterus. Rigidity of os 
uteri in retarded or delayed parturition has been suc- 
cessfully treated by direct local application of extract 
of belladonna. In mammitis, to check the milk se- 
cretion, allay inflammation and pain — the fluid ex- 
tract and camphor liniment, or liniment of bella- 
donna. In treating abscesses, boils, carbuncles, and 
other superficial inflammations, apply locally; the 
same when it is desired to determine and increase the 
action of belladonna given internally — i. e. , in- tetanus 
apply belladonna liniment along the spine; in spas- 
modic cough, the same to the throat; in diseases of 
the kidneys, over the loins, etc. Glandular swellings 
may be treated locally with mercurial ointment and 
extract of belladonna. In diseases of the skin to re- 
lieve itching; in erysipelas, locally as well as small 
frequently repeated doses internally. Epilepsy and 
convulsions of canine patients may be treated with 
belladonna and sodium bromide. In applying bella- 
donna over very large surfaces, especially upon the 
dog, great care must be exercised lest the animal be- 
come poisoned by absorption. The attendant when 
rubbing a patient with belladonna liniment or other 
powerful preparation of belladonna must be cautioned 
to thoroughly cleanse his hands after using the prep- 
aration, lest he too suffer from the absorption. 

H yosc yamus— Henbane . 

The leaves and tops of Hyoscyamus niger, a bien- 
nial plant, natural order Solanacese, growing wild in 
many parts of Great Britain. It is also cultivated 



110 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

for the drug market. Its active principle is an alka- 
loid called hyoscyamine, which is probably identical 
with atropine. From it is derived hyoscine, a semi- 
liquid alkaloid yielding tropic acid and pseudotro- 
pine. 

Preparations. — Extractum Hyoscyami, solid 
extract of henbane. Dose: H., 3ss.-i.; D., gr. ss.-ij. 

Extractum Hyoscyami Fluidum, fluid extract of 
henbane. Dose: H., fl. 3 iss.-vi. ; D., fU v.-xx. 

Tinctura Hyoscyami, tincture of henbane. Dose : 
H., fl. 3 i.-iij. ; D., fl. 3 ss.-iij. 

Hyoscyamince Sulphas, hyoscyamine sulphate. 
Dose: H., gr. ss.-v. ; D., gr. ■£&-%. Hypodermically, 
one-half of these doses. 

Hyoscince Hydrobromas. Dose: H., gr. f-i; 

D., E r - tfo~to- 

Incompatibles are liquor potassse and all other 
fixed caustic alkalies. 

Actions and Uses fo Hyoscyamus.— It is simi- 
lar in action to belladonna, but not so powerful. Is 
a good calmative and hypnotic, anodyne and antispas- 
modic, and is sometimes used like atropine as a my- 
driatic. Full doses stimulate the brain centres and 
paralyze motor nerve endings ; over-doses destroy life 
by paralyziug the respiratory function. Hyoscya- 
mus does not check peristalsis, and therefore is useful 
as a hypnotic and anodyne in 'irritable conditions of 
the alimentary canal and urinary apparatus when 
opium is contraindicated. It is frequently combined 
with cathartics to enhance their activity and at the 
same time to prevent griping. It is prescribed as an 



cerebral excitants. Ill 

anodyne in colic, to allay irritable cough, in epilepsy 
and chorea, in locomotor ataxia, and since it is 
mainly excreted by the kidneys its value to relieve 
irritability of these organs and of the bladder will be 
apparent. 

CEREBRAL EXCITANTS. 
Camphora — Camphor. 

Camphor is a stearopten (solid volatile oil), ob- 
tained from Cinnamomum camphora, natural order 
Laurinese, a native tree of Japan, China, Borneo, etc., 
and is purified by sublimation. Found in the mar- 
ket as white translucent masses of a tough consistence 
and crystalline structure, readily pulverizable in the 
presence of a little alcohol, ether, or chloroform. Its 
specific gravity is 0.99, it sublimes without residue, 
burns with a smoky but luminous flame, floats on 
water, and if exposed to air slowly evaporates. It 
has a penetrating odor and a pungent taste, is soluble 
in 1,300 parts of water, readily soluble in alcohol, 
ether, chloroform, fixed and volatile oils, milk, and 
acetic acid. 

Preparations. — Camphora Pulvis, powdered 
camphor. Dose: H., 3i.-iij.; D., gr. v.-x. 

Aqua Camphorce, camphor water, used chiefly as 
a sedative collyrium. (Camphor 8, alcohol 16, water 
976.) 

Spiritus Camphora?, spirit of camphor, princi- 
pally for local use. (Camphor 10, water 20, alcohol 
to make 100.) 



112 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

Linimentum Camphor w, Oleum Camphoratum, 
liniment of camphor or camphorated oil. For local 
use. (Camphor 1, cotton-seed oil 4.) 

Linimentum Saponis, Linimentum Camphor ce 
Compositum, Tinctura Camphorce Composita, 
Spiritus Saponis Camphor atus, soap liniment, 
compound camphor liniment, compound tincture of 
camphor, camphorated soap spirit, opodeldoc. For 
local use only. (Soap in shavings 10, camphor 5, 
oil of rosemary 1, alcohol 70, water to make 100.) 

Camphora Monobromata, monobromated cam- 
phor. Used chiefly in canine practice. Dose for 
dog, gr. i.-x. 

Physiological Action. — Camphor is antispas- 
modic, antiseptic, anodyne, a stimulant expectorant, 
diaphoretic, a cerebral excitant, and gastrointesti- 
nal irritant. Externally, counter-irritant, stimulant, 
antiseptic, parasiticide. It has an acrid, hot taste, 
irritates the skin and mucous membranes, and if 
given in large quantity causes severe gastric disturb- 
ance with all the effects of an irritant poison. Mod- 
erate doses stimulate both the vasomotor system and 
the cardiac motor ganglia, at the same time decreas- 
ing the influence of the pneumogastric, in this way 
increasing circulation and raising arterial tension; 
mental activity, respiration, and the sweat glands 
are stimulated, pain allayed, the menstrual flow and 
sexual appetite increased; while large or continued 
doses depress the generative function and occasion- 
ally cause dysuria. Its anaphrodisiac effects are not 
very pronounced in the lower animals. Large doses 



CEREBRAL EXCITANTS. 113 

depress the entire central nervous system, depress the 
heart, lower arterial tension, diminish the reflex func- 
tions of the cord, produce coldness of the surface, in- 
sensibility, coma, convulsions, and sometimes death. 
Camphor is eliminated chiefly by the bronchial mu- 
cous membrane and skin ; also by the kidneys. 

Therapeutics. — In diarrhoea — with ether, lauda- 
num, and aromatics. In enteritis — with opium. To 
counteract cardiac depression and as a febrifuge — 
with sweet spirit of nitre and solution of acetate of am- 
monia. To relieve vomiting ; in nymphomania, ty- 
phoid fevers; in bronchitis, spasmodic cough, sore 
throat, and other affections of the respiratory appara- 
tus. In gangrene internally and locally. The mono- 
bromated camphor in chorea of the dog. Exter- 
nally, as a stimulant, counter-irritant, and to allay 
itching in skin diseases, as in eczema and urticaria. 

ASAFCETIDA — ASAFGETIDA. 

A gum-resin obtained by incision from the living 
roots of Ferula narthex and of Ferula scorodosma (na- 
tural order Umbelliferse, Orthospermse), an Afghan 
plant. Its principal constituent is a sulphuretted vol- 
atile oil, consisting chiefly of allyl sulphide. It also 
contains a gum and a resin, with feruliac, malic, 
acetic, formic, and valerianic acids. 

Asafoetida occurs in irregular masses, composed 
of whitish tears, which are embedded in a yellowish- 
gray or brownish-gray sticky mass. The tears, when 
hard, break with a conchoidal fracture, showing a 
milk-white color, which changes gradually on expo- 
8 



114 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

sure to pink, and finally to brown. It has a persis- 
tent, alliaceous odor, and bitter, alliaceous, acrid 
taste; when triturated with water, it yields a milk- 
white emulsion. It is partly soluble in ether, and at 
least sixty per cent, of it should dissolve in alcohol. 
Dose: H., 3 ij.-iv. ; D., gr. x.-xx. 

Tinctura Asafoetidce, tincture of asatcetida (twen- 
ty per cent.). Dose: H., fl. 3 i.-iij. ; D., fl. 3 ss.-ij. 

Emulsum Asafoetidce, emulsion of asafcetida (four 
per cent, in water). Dose: H., fl. § viij.-xx. ; D., 
fl. 5 ss.-ij. 

Physiological Action. — Asafcetida is a power- 
ful antispasmodic, a carminative, a stimulating expec- 
torant, a nerve and cerebral stimulant. It is also 
mildly tonic, laxative, diuretic, diaphoretic, emmena- 
gogue, aphrodisiac, and anthelmintic. It raises ar- 
terial tension, stimulates the circulation, secretions, 
and excretions, the general nervous system, the men- 
strual flow, and sexual appetite. Its continued use at 
times causes impaired digestion, flatulency, difficult 
urination, diarrhoea, tenesmus, and phenomena of 
general nervousness. It is rapidly absorbed and elim- 
inated by the respiratory mucous membrane, the 
kidneys, and the skin, gently stimulating their secre- 
tions. 

Therapeutics. — It has long been successfully giv- 
en in flatulent colic of the lower animals; in con- 
stipation — with aloes and nux vomica; in chronic 
bronchial affections, chronic catarrh — combined with 
ammonia muriate. Also as a vermifuge, but for this 
purpose its action is somewhat uncertain. 



CEREBRAL EXCITANTS. 115 



Cannabis Indica— Indian Hemp. 

The flowering tops of the female plant of Cannabis 
sativa (natural order Urticacese, grown in the East 
Indies. Sometimes known as foreign Indian hemp, 
in contradistinction to Cannabis Americana, the 
same plant grown in the Southern United States, but 
not nearly so powerful in action as the East Indian 
variety. Indian hemp contains a resin named can- 
nabin, and a volatile oil from which are obtained 
cannabene, a light hydrocarbon, and cannabene hy- 
dride, a crystalline body. 

Preparations. — Extr actum Cannabis Indicce, 
solid extract of Indian hemp. Dose: H., 3 ss.-i.; 
D., gr. 1-1. 

Extractum Cannabis Indicw Fluidum, fluid ex- 
tract of Indian hemp. Dose: H., fl. 3ij.-iv. ; D., 

m i.-x. 

Physiological Action. — Antispasmodic, anaes- 
thetic, anodyne, analgesic, narcotic, cerebro-spinal 
stimulant, aphrodisiac. It increases motor and intel- 
lectual activity, stimulates vasomotor nerves, raises 
arterial tension, and depresses sensation. Has been 
given in exceedingly large doses, and although it 
produced great temporary mental excitement followed 
by coma, it is said never to have caused death. 

Therapeutics. — In colic, to relieve spasm and 
pain, without interfering with the peristaltic move- 
ment; traumatic tetanus — large doses (Dr. P. Ruth- 
erford, of Edinburgh, claims to have cured over fifty 



116 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

per cent, of all tetanus patients by this method); 
chorea of the dog, to control the involuntary spasms ; 
to dull sensibility during the performance of minor 
operations ; in uterine affections — as metritis, cystitis, 
etc. — internally and locally by injection; in retention 
of urine , spasm of sphincter vesicae, and dysuria ; 
also in azoturia, to control excitement. 

Cocaine Hydrochloras— -Hydrochlorate op 
Cocaine. 

A crystalline alkaloid, obtained from the leaves of 
Erythroxylon coca, a small Peruvian shrub (natural 
order Erythroxylaceae), in which it is contained to 
the amount of about twenty-six per cent. The hy- 
drochlorate occurs as small whitish or almost color- 
less acicular crystals, or crystalline powder, is readily 
soluble in 0.5 part water and in 3^ parts of alcohol, 
has a bitter taste, producing a tingling sensation on 
the tongue followed by numbness. It paralyzes the 
sensory nerves with which it comes in contact, hence 
is used as a local anaesthetic. It has also slight anti- 
septic powers. In small doses it is a cerebral, cardiac, 
respiratory, and nerve stimulant and diuretic, but les- 
sens the quantity of urea excreted, since it partly sus- 
pends the processes of waste, thereby acting as an 
indirect nutrient and enabling the body to maintain 
its energy on a decreased food supply. It dilates the 
pupils when used locally as well as systemically. 
Over-doses destroy life by paralysis of respiration. 

Therapeutics. — It is in general use as a local 
anaesthetic during minor surgical operations, as on 



CEREBRAL EXCITANTS. 117 

the eye, larynx, in neurotomy, etc. ; also to detect ob- 
scure lameness. As a mydriatic it is much more 
serviceable than atropine. Has been given in con- 
valescence from fevers and protracted illness, in doses 
of grs. i.-v. to the horse; for the dog, gr. -J-l. For 
local ansesthetic effect upon the horse, inject hypo- 
dermically from gr. v.-xv. occasionally more is re- 
quired. Its effect begins in about twenty minutes 
and continues for from one- half to two hours; maxi- 
mum, in about one hour. If kept in solution, add 
y^o P ar * °f boric acid to prevent decomposition. 

Caffeina — Caffeine ; Theina — Theine. 

Caffeine and theine are now generally conceded to 
be identical; the former is obtained from the dry 
seeds of Coffea Arabica (the coffee tree), the latter 
from the dry leaves of Thea sinensis (the tea plant). 
They are also found in other plants. Caffeine occurs 
as white, shining, elastic needles, soluble in 80 parts 
of water, 50 parts of alcohol, and in 9 parts of chloro- 
form. It is a cardiac tonic and diuretic, and is used 
as a substitute for digitalis, which it occasionally 
effectually replaces. It is in medicinal doses also a 
stimulant to the nerve centres in the cerebrum, me- 
dulla, and cord ; but over-doses paralyze. It regulates 
the heart's action, and causes the removal of oedema 
by increased diuresis. It is rapidly absorbed, rapidly 
eliminated, and has no cumulative effects. It is best 
given hypodermically with sodium salicylate, which 
increases its solubility and activity. Dose: H.. gr. 
v.-xx. ; D., gr. ^-2. 



118 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

CEREBRAL DEPRESSANTS. 

Alcohol and Its Preparations. 

An alcohol may be defined as being a volatile or- 
ganic compound of an organic radical and hydroxyl 
(HO), containing no N, having great affinity for wa- 
ter, and reacting with acids to form H 2 and ethers. 
An alcohol is obtained by distillation from the fer- 
mented product of grape sugar or other substance, 
such as starch, which may be readily converted into 
grape sugar. This fermented product, in the presence 
and by the growth of certain low vegetable organisms 
(the yeast plant, etc.), splits up into alcohol and CO a . 
The most important alcohols are : 

1. Methylic Alcohol — CH 4 — methyl hydrate, 
wood spirit. 

2. Ethylic Alcohol — 2 H 6 O — ethyl hydrate, grain 
spirit. 

3. Amylic Alcohol — C 5 H ia O — amyl hydrate, potato 
spirit, fusel oil. 

When speaking of " alcohol " medicinally or phar- 
maceutically, the ethyl hydrate or grain spirit is the 
one referred to (see Alcohol or Rectified Spirit below). 

The Official Preparations of Alcohol are : 
Alcohol Absolutum, spiritus absolutus, absolute 
alcohol, is ethyl alcohol containing not more than one 
per cent, by weight of water. It is a mobile, color- 
less, volatile liquid, having a spirituous odor and an 
intensely burning taste. Specific gravity, 0.797 at 
60° F. 



CEREBRAL DEPRESSANTS. 119 

Alcohol, alcohol. Contains about ninety-one per 
cent, by weight, or ninety-four per cent, by volume, 
of ethylic alcohol, but no fusel oil. It is a transpar- 
ent, colorless, mobile, and volatile liquid, of a char- 
acteristic, pungent, and agreeable odor, a burning 
taste, a neutral reaction, is very inflammable, burns 
with a smokeless blue flame, and has a specific grav- 
ity of 0.820 at 60° F. It should be kept in well- 
stoppered glass vessels remote from lights and fire. 
Dose: H., fl. ? i.-ij. ; D., fl. 3 i.-ij. 

Alcohol Dilutum, diluted alcohol (45.5 per cent, 
by weight [fifty -three per cent, by volume] of ethyl 
alcohol; and 54.5 per cent, by weight [forty-seven 
per cent, by volume] of water. Specific gravity, 
0.928 at 60° F. 

Spiritus Frumenti, whiskey. Obtained by the dis- 
tillation of the mash of fermented grain ; from rye, 
wheat, or corn (United States), barley (Scotch), and 
at least two years old. (Irish whiskey is obtained 
from potatoes.) Contains from forty-four to fifty 
per cent, by weight of alcohol ; also contains ethers 
developed by the action of butyric and acetic acids 
on the alcohol, and traces of fusel oil. Dose: H., 
fl. 1 ij.-viij. ; D., fl. 3 .i-fl. 1 ij. (always well diluted). 

Spiritus Vini Gallici, brandy. Obtained by the 
distillation of fermented grape juice, and at least four 
years old. Contains from thirty-nine to forty-seven 
per cent, by weight of alcohol, and certain ethers 
which are developed by age. If pale it is colored 
from the cask ; if dark it is colored by the addition 
of caramel or burnt sugar. Brandy is frequently 



120 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

prepared artificially by adding to high wine (alcohol) 
acetic or nitric ether, caramel, and logwood or cate- 
chu for astringency. Dose same as of whiskey. 

Vinum Album, white wine. Contains ten to four- 
teen per cent, by weight of alcohol. Prepared by 
fermenting the unmodified grape juice (freed from 
skins, seeds, and stems) . 

Vinum Album Fortius, stronger white wine. 
Contains twenty to twenty-five per cent, by weight 
of alcohol. (Yinum album 7, alcohol 1). 

Vinum Rubrum, red wine. Contains from ten to 
fourteen per cent, by weight of alcohol. It is made 
by fermenting the juice of colored grapes with their 
skins. 

Unofficial Alcoholic Preparations. — Proof 
Spirit. Contains forty-nine per cent, by weight of 
absolute alcohol, with a peculiar oil and other foreign 
matters; specific gravity, 0.920. 

Rectified Spirit. Contains eighty-five per cent, by 
weight of absolute alcohol and no fusel oil ; specific 
gravity, 0.835. 

Rum ( Jamica and St. Croix) . From the distillation 
of fermented molasses. 

Gin. Distilled from rye or barley, and flavored 
with juniper berries and hops. Cheaper grades are 
sometimes flavored with oil of turpentine. 

Vinum Portense, port wine. Contains from thirty 
to forty per cent, of alcohol. 

Vinum Xericum, sherry, contains from twenty to 
thirty-five per cent, of alcohol. 

Beer contains alcohol two to three per cent. ; Alq 



CEEEBRAL DEPKESSANTS. 121 

contains alcohol two to six per cent. ; Porter and 
Stout contain alcohol four to six per cent. ; also ex- 
tract of malt — C0 2 — lactic acid, salts of K and Na, 
aromatics, etc. 

Physiological Actions of Alcohol.— It is a 
cerebral excitant and depressant, and a narcotic 
poison ; also anaesthetic, antiseptic, antiparasitic, an- 
tispasmodic, antipyretic, a mild counter-irritant; 
coagulates albumen by abstracting its water; has 
also slight astringent effects. It is very diffusible, 
and when ingested becomes partly oxidized by the or- 
ganism, and is partly excreted. Small doses relax 
the vessels, stimulate the gastric glands, promote the 
appetite and digestion, decrease the elimination of 
waste products (urea and C0 2 ), cause a slight sensa- 
tion of heat, and a slight rise of the body tempera- 
ture. Being also a diffusible stimulant, it briefly 
stimulates the heart, increasing the functional activ- 
ity of all organs, partly the kidneys, which excrete 
the unassimilated portion of the drug. The long- 
continued administration of moderate or even small 
doses causes congestion of the stomach and liver, im- 
pairs the oxidizing power of the blood, and causes 
indigestion and gastric catarrh. Large doses pre- 
cipitate pepsin and destroy its activity as a ferment, 
arrest digestion, produce exhilaration, intoxication, 
delirium, muscular incoordination, depressed heart, 
lowered arterial tension and bodily temperature, abol- 
ishment of reflexes, and lastly coma. Toxic doses 
cause a primary period of excitement, then insensibil- 
ity, stertorous breathing, dilated or contracted pupils, 



122 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

complete muscular resolution, and death by paraly- 
sis of respiration and heart. 

Treatment of Acute Alcoholism. — Evacuate the 
stomach if possible; inhalation of ammonia vapor; 
cold affusion to head and neck, warmth and friction 
to the extremities; faradization of respiratory mus- 
cles; mucilaginous drinks. Ammonium chloride 
given in solution is said to restore the faculties and 
to antagonize the stupor. 

Therapeutics.— Alcohol, besides being used ex- 
tensively as a solvent for many drugs in pharmacy 
and the arts, is sometimes given as a food, but only 
a very small quantity is used up in the system, and 
its continued use is certainly deleterious. It is given 
in atonic indigestion, in small doses, to stimulate 
gastric secretions and improve the appetite; in both 
flatulent and spasmodic colic, to expel flatus and to 
relieve spasms. In diarrhoea, combined with sodium 
benzoate and vegetable astringents ; cardiac failure or 
weak heart from fright, chill, or shock ; in milk fever 
of cows, with strychnine, belladonna, and sweet spirit 
of nitre ; in epizootic catarrh and sore throat, when 
heart is weak and respirations quick and hurried — 
combine with spiritus aetheris nitrosi and camphor, 
given in linseed tea ; in pneumonia and other diseases 
of the respiratory apparatus, it is frequently con- 
joined with quinine sulphate and tincture of aconite. 
It is given in pyaemia, septicaemia, and in convales- 
cence from all debilitating disorders; also imme- 
diately before chloroform anaesthesia to sustain the 
heart and prolong the chloroform narcosis. Exter- 



CEREBRAL DEPRESSANTS. 123 

nally it is rubbed into the skin as a mild counter-irri- 
tant, rubefacient, and stimulant. Weak solutions 
with carbolic or salicylic acids are applied to relieve 
the itching of various skin diseases, as antiseptics to 
wounds, bedsores, and to check hemorrhage. An 
excellent refrigerant lotion is composed of alcohol 
| iv, acetic acid J iss., Goulard's extract § ss., water 
J xij. As a nutrient tonic and stimulant, hot ale or 
beer is frequently given in convalescence from ex- 
hausting diseases; to the horse and cattle in doses of 
O i.-ij., three times daily. 

JEther —Ether. 

The light compound commonly known as "sul- 
phuric ether," or "ether," is, correctly speaking, 
ethylic ether or ethyl oxide — C 4 H. O — and is prepared 
by distilling ethyl hydrate or ethylic alcohol with sul- 
phuric acid. It is purified by treating with quick- 
lime and redistillation. 

JEther, ether, commercial ether, is a liquid com- 
posed of about seventy-four per cent, of ethyl oxide 
and about twenty-six per cent, of alcohol, containing 
a little water. Specific gravity about 0.750 at 59° F. 
Must be kept in well-stoppered bottles or in soldered 
tins in a cool place, remote from lights and fire. For 
properties of ether, see under .ZEther Fortior. It is 
soluble in five times its volume of water. Used 
chiefly externally. 

JEtiher Fortior, stronger ether, a liquid com- 
posed of about ninety-four per cent, of ethyl oxide, 



124 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

and about six per cent, of alcohol, containing a little 
water. Specific gravity not higher than 0.725 at 
59° F. Like ether, it must be carefully preserved. 
It is a thin, clear, very diffusive and colorless liquid, 
of a refreshing, characteristic odor, a burning and 
sweetish taste, with a slightly bitter after-taste and 
a neutral reaction. It is soluble in all proportions, 
in alcohol, chloroform, benzol, benzine, fixed and 
volatile oils, and dissolves in eight times its volume 
of water at 59° F. Ether is highly inflammable, 
and its vapor when mixed with air and ignited ex- 
plodes violently. It is a solvent for oils, fats, resins, 
guncotton, gutta-percha, and other substances. 
Dose: H., fl. f i.-ij. ; D., fl. 3 ss.-i. (always well di- 
luted with cold water, gruel, oil, or linseed tea). For 
general anaesthesia. — Dose (by inhalation): H., fl. 
1 iij.-viij. ; D., fl. 3 ij.-vi. This is the ether which 
should be given internally and by inhalation. 

Preparations of Ether. — Spiritus JEtlneris 
Compositus, compound spirit of ether, Hoffmann's 
anodyne. Contains alcohol 67, stronger ether 30, 
ethereal oil 3 parts. 

Collodium, collodion. Contains pyroxylin 4, 
stronger ether 70, and alcohol 26 parts. Local use. 

Collodium Flexile, flexible collodion. Contains col- 
lodion 92, Canada turpentine 5, and castor oil 3 
parts. Local use. 

Collodium Stypticum, styptic collodion. Contains 
tannic acid 20, alcohol 5, stronger ether 20, and collo- 
dion 55 parts. Local use. 

Spiritus JEtheris Nitrosi, Spiritus Nitrico- 



CEREBRAL DEPRESSANTS. 125 

Dulcis, spirit of nitrous ether, sweet spirit of nitre. 
An alcoholic solution of ethyl nitrite, containing five 
per cent, of the crude ether. Dose: H., fl. §i.-iij.; 
D., rnxv.-fl. 3i. 

Physiological Action.— Ether is a cardiac and 
cerebral stimulant, anodyne, antispasmodic, diaphor- 
etic, anthelmintic, anaesthetic, and a narcotic poison. 
Given internally, it is one of the most powerful stim- 
ulants to the secretions, especially to the salivary 
glands, stomach, and pancreas. It is quickly ab- 
sorbed from the stomach and intestines, but still 
more rapidly if introduced as a vapor into the lungs 
by inhalation, and acts very quickly upon the central 
nervous system, nerve centres, and nerve endings. 
Small doses stimulate; larger doses, after a brief pe- 
riod of stimulation, depress, paralyze, and anaesthetize 
the centres of the brain and cord. It is eliminated 
by all the secretory channels, stimulating them, and 
in this way exerts its expectorant, diaphoretic, and 
diuretic actions ; but the elimination for the most part 
is accomplished by the lungs. If the vapor is in- 
haled there is at first a slight irritation to the fauces, 
sometimes causing cough, a feeling of strangulation 
or constriction of the throat, and more or less cerebral 
excitement or intoxication, during which time the 
pulse and respirations are quickened. This is fol- 
lowed by a period of slight tetanic convulsions, when 
the muscles become rigid and the breathing stertor- 
ous. This condition rapidly subsides, complete in- 
sensibility is established, the muscles are relaxed, 
reflexes are abolished, the cerebral functions are en- 



126 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

tirely suspended, and the processes of respiration and 
circulation are carried on only by the lower centres 
in the medulla. If the inhalations of the ether vapor 
are still continued after this, these lower centres 
also become paralyzed, and death takes place by re- 
spiratory arrest, the heart usually continuing its pul- 
sations for a long time after respiration has ceased 
(chloroform usually paralyzes the heart). In order 
to produce general anaesthesia, the ether vapor should 
be inhaled in a fairly concentrated form for from 
three to ten minutes. Hypodermic injections of 
atropine antagonize the toxic effects of ether more 
effectually than any other known drug. 

Therapeutics.— Ether alone or combined with 
chloroform' and alcohol in varying proportions as a 
general anaesthetic- Ether spray as a local anaes- 
thetic ; internally — as an antispasmodic in both flatu- 
lent and spasmodic colic, combined with other ano- 
dynes and carminatives. Enemata of ether to allay 
abdominal irritation; also to destroy rectal worms. 
The same treatment is much favored by French vete- 
rinarians in intussusception. In hepatic colic — ether 
combined with turpentine, to act as a solvent for the 
hepatic calculi ; as a prompt and powerful stimulant 
in syncope or collapse — if from exhausting disease, 
shock, or hemorrhage. In puerperal apoplexy in cat- 
tle it is combined with alcohol or whiskey, and 
when the patients are unable to swallow it may be 
given subcutaneously. In convalescence from ex- 
hausting disease— combined with aromatics and bit- 
ters, improves the appetite, strengthens the enfeebled 



CEREBRAL DEPRESSANTS. 127 

pulse, and also tends to relieve cough and other irri- 
tability. 

For special instructions on the use of ether as a 
general anaesthetic, see under Chloroform. Local 
anaesthesia, sufficient for performing short opera- 
tions, such as inserting setons, opening abscesses or 
fistulas, tendenotomy, neurotomy, etc., may be pro- 
duced by ether spray to the part, the amount required 
being from one to one and one-half ounces ; but for 
these purposes cocaine is now generally preferred. 
It may also be injected hypodermically when imme- 
diate effects are required. Externally ether is some- 
times combined with liniments as an anodyne and 
stimulant, but must be carefully employed on account 
of its highly inflammable nature. 

Spiritus aetheris nitrosi is a carminative, antispas- 
modic, general stimulant, a very good diaphoretic 
and diuretic, and is extensively used in influenza, 
various fevers, pneumonia, bronchitis, asthma, colic. 
It is excreted chiefly by the kidneys and skin ; hence 
its diaphoretic and diuretic actions are very marked. 
It should be given always well diluted. 

Chloroformum — Chloroform. 

Chloroform, or methyl terchloride — CHCL — is pre- 
pared by the action of chlorinated lime upon alcohol, 
is purified (1) by repeated agitation with water, 
which washes away saline, acid, and some organic 
impurities; (2) shaking with sulphuric acid (free 
from nitric acid), which chars and removes the last 



128 VETERINAR MAYTEEIA MEDIC A. 

trace of organic oils ; (3) admixture with slaked lime 
and calcium chloride to neutralize acidity and take up 
the water; (4) by very careful distillation. Its dis- 
covery is claimed by Samuel Guthrie, of Sacketts 
Harbor, 1831, and also jointly by Liebig and Soubei- 
ran, 1832. 

Chloroformum Purificatum, purified chloroform, 
is a heavy, clear, colorless, diffusive, practically non- 
inflammable liquid, of a characteristic, pleasant, 
ethereal odor, a burning, sweet taste, and a neutral 
reaction. Soluble in 200 parts of water and in all 
proportions in alcohol or ether ; also in benzol, ben- 
zin, fixed or volatile oils. Specific gravity, 1.485. 
Its vapor is four times heavier than air, and it is a 
solvent for caoutchouc, gutta-percha, fats, resins, bal- 
sams, oils, wax, iodine bromine, and most of the al- 
kaloids. Dose: H., fl. 3 i.-ij. ; D., iU v.-x. — for in- 
ternal medication. Inhalation for ansesthesia — Dose : 
EL, fl. § i.-ij.; D., fl. 3i.-iv. 

Cloroformum Venale, commercial chloroform. 
A liquid containing not less than ninety-eight per 
cent, of chloroform, having similar properties to the 
former preparation. Specific gravity, 1.470. For 
local use only, as it is not pure enough for any other 
purpose. 

Linimentum Chloroformi, chloroform liniment. 
For local use only, is composed of chloroformum 
venale 40 and linimentum saponis 60 parts. 

Linimentum Chloroformi Compositum, com- 
pound chloroform liniment, a very excellent anodyne 
application, is composed of chloroform venale 1, tur- 



CEREBRAL DEPRESSANTS. 129 

pentine 1, laudanum -J-, tincture aconite root i, and 
soap liniment 2 parts by measure. 

Spiritus Chloroformi, spirit of chloroform, so- 
called chloric ether (aether chloricus). Contains puri- 
fied chloroform 10 and alcohol 90 parts. Dose: H., 
fl. 1 i.-ij. ; D., fl. 3 i.-iss. 

Ancesthetic Mixtures contain chloroform, ether, 
with or without alcohol, in varying proportions. The 
best known and most serviceable are : 

A. C. E. , 1, #, 3 mixture, containing alcohol 1, 
chloroform purified 2, ether 3. 

E. C. A.,8, 1, 1, Nussbaum's mixture, containing 
ether 3, chloroform 1, and alcohol 1 part. 

Physiological Actions of Chloroform.— Small 
doses given internally are carminative, antispasmodic, 
and analgesic. Large doses cause muscular relaxa- 
tion and paralyze the cerebro-spinal nervous system. 
Death takes place by paralysis of both heart and res- 
piration, similar to ether, but its toxic action is very 
much more rapid than that of ether ; hence death by 
chloroform is more sudden. Applied locally, chloro- 
form is a rubefacient, a refrigerant, anodyne, and 
local anaesthetic. 

General anaesthesia is produced by an inhalation of 
the vapor, and shows four distinct stages, viz. : (1) 
Stimulant — some excitement and struggling; (2) 
narcotic — muscular relaxation, quietude, and stupor; 

(3) anaesthetic — complete anaesthesia, insensibility; 

(4) paralytic — death ensuing if the action of the 
drug is continued still further. 

In order to avoid heart failure or depression, it is 



130 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDtCA. 

a very good plan to inject hypodermically a small 
dose of morphine and atropine fifteen to twenty 
minutes prior to placing the animal under the action 
of an anaesthetic. Chloroform as a rule is given with 
the admission of a considerable volume of air, bui; 
some prefer to allow it to be inhaled without air, 
claiming that under these circumstances a much less 
quantity is required, and hence all dangers are corre- 
spondingly decreased. During anaesthesia the opera- 
tor must carefully watch both respirations and pulse, 
allowing full draughts of pure air as soon as complete 
anaesthesia is produced ; occasionally gently touching 
the cornea with the finger to note if reflex excitabil- 
ity is returning ; if so, administer more chloroform. 
Never operate on any animal unless under com- 
plete anaesthesia, as the incomplete stage is very 
dangerous, since in this condition reflex inhibition 
over the pneumogastric upon the heart may be the 
means of arresting the action of the heart's motor 
ganglia. 

Contra-Indications for Ancesthesia are dilata- 
tion of the heart, fatty degeneration of the heart, 
kidney disease, emphysema of the lungs, and brain 
tumors. 

Treatment of dangerous symptoms while under 
the action of chloroform anaesthesia are : Artificial 
respiration if possible, draw tongue forward and clear 
away mucus from mouth, warm applications and 
friction to body and limbs, and hypodermic injection 
of atropine. 

Since chloroform in its purity is irritant to the 



CEREBRAL DEPRESSANTS. 131 

mucous membranes, it must always be given well 
diluted, else it may cause a violent gastro-enteritis. 

Chloroform is much used in obstetrical practice to 
control spasms and violent uterine throes when try- 
ing to rectify false presentations ; also to relax rigid- 
ity of the os in delayed parturition, and to relieve 
after-pains. 

Inhalations of chloroform are frequently given to 
relax and relieve intestinal spasms ; also in the re- 
duction of intestinal hernia ; to relieve the spasm of 
tetanus; to check the fits of chorea and epilepsy in 
dogs; to relieve spasmodic cough. Externally — as a 
local anaesthetic, the same as cocaine; in liniments, 
to rheumatic and painful swellings and joints. 

Chloral— Chloral (Chloral Hydrate). 

Chloral itself is trichloraldehyde — (C 2 HC1 3 0) — an 
unstable, oily, colorless fluid, formed by the action of 
chlorine upon alcohol. Its hydrate, the official chlo- 
ral — (C 2 HC1 3 0+H 2 0)— -is seen as separate, rhomboid- 
al, colorless, transparent crystals, slowly evaporating 
on exposure to air, having an aromatic, penetrating, 
and slightly acrid odor, a bitterish, caustic taste, sol- 
uble in less than its own weight of water, in 4 parts 
of chloroform; also in alcohol, ether, glycerin, fixed 
and volatile oils. Its aqueous solution soon acquires 
an acid reaction, but its alcoholic solution remains 
neutral. It liquefies when rubbed with carbolic acid 
or with camphor, and is readily decomposed by alka- 
lies into chloroform and a formiate of the alkaline 



132 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

base. Chloral was discovered by Baron Liebig in 
1832, but was not employed in medicine till 1869. 
It is prepared by passing chlorine gas through alcohol 
until saturated, then purified by distillation with 
H 2 S0 4 , and finally mixed with H 2 to form the solid 
chloral hydrate. Dose: H., § i. — ij. ; D., gr. v.-xx. 

Physiological Action. — Chloral is a powerful 
depressant of the cerebro-spinal centres, a good hyp- 
notic and calmative, an antispasmodic, antiseptic, 
antiferment, and counter-irritant. Compared with 
chloroform it is more hypnotic but less anaesthetic. 
It cannot be used subcutaneously, as it is too irritant 
and would cause extensive sloughing of the skin at 
the point of injection. Large or concentrated doses 
may cause severe gastritis, while in the smaller ani- 
mals nausea and vomiting are frequently produced. 
Chloral has a selective action on the brain, causing a 
cerebral anaemia, which produces a very normal-like 
sleep, and from which the animal may be readily 
awakened, but shortly after falls into, until the hyp- 
notic action of the chloral is exhausted. An impor- 
tant point in chloral narcosis is that it but seldom 
leaves any bad after-effects or serious depression, al- 
though this is more noticeable in animals in which 
instead of producing sleep it has caused delirium and 
excitement. Full doses, when first given, briefly 
stimulate the heart, but soon this vital organ becomes 
depressed, arterial tension is lowered, oxidation is di- 
minished, and bodily temperature lowered. Large 
doses rapidly cause a profound narcotism, abolish- 
ment of the reflexes and sensibility, complete muscu- 



CEREBRAL DEPRESSANTS. 133 

lar relaxation, and a very great fall in temperature. 
Toxic doses cause death from paralysis of the car- 
diac motor ganglia and the respiratory centre, or by 
sudden heart failure in fatty degeneration, the heart 
being arrested in diastole with the right cavities dis- 
tended; hence it must be very carefully used on 
patients affected with heart trouble of any kind or 
advanced pulmonary disease. 

Chloral is not a true anodyne, as it neither inter- 
rupts the transmission of pain nor does it affect the 
conductivity of the sensory nerves, but overwhelms 
the brain centres, thus rendering the animal uncon- 
scious of pain; and hence it may be called an in- 
direct anaesthetic. Chloral is rapidly diffused in the 
blood, being supposed to set free chloroform due to its 
decomposition by the blood, which is an alkaline fluid. 
It increases the fluidity of that tissue, crenates the red 
corpuscles, in large quantity destroys the leucocytes, 
prevents the coagulation of fibrin, and produces a gen- 
eral anaemic condition. It is excreted, partly un- 
changed, by the kidneys, causing some diuresis, and 
also by the skin. 

Treatment of Chloral Poisoning. — Atropine in 
small frequently repeated doses is the best antagonist, 
as it counteracts the depression of the chloral on the 
heart, respiration, and cerebro-spinal system. Mor- 
phine is sometimes given with chloral to prevent the 
tendency to cardiac failure. 

Therapeutics. — Chloral is given to quiet irrita- 
bility and to cause sleep, to relieve gastro-intestinal 
irritation and spasm — as in colic. But as it is a topi- 



134 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

cal irritant, it should not be given if there is conges- 
tion or inflammation; in fevers attended with excite- 
ment and restlessness; in spasmodic cough in all 
animals; in canine asthma and distemper; conjoined 
with bromides and cannabis indica in tetanus; as an 
antagonist in strychnine poisoning; in parturient 
apoplexy of cattle, attended with nervous excitement ; 
in phrenitis, chorea, and epilepsy. In obstetrics — to 
relieve pain, to relax the os uteri, to palliate puerperal 
convulsions, and to relieve after-pains. Externally — 
a twenty-five per cent, solution is used locally as an 
antiseptic and anodyne to cancers and ulcers; appli- 
cations of chloral-camphor to relieve pain and irrita- 
bility of neuralgic affections, and the itching attend- 
ant upon many skin troubles. Chloral is always 
best given per os and in well-diluted solution. 

Opium — Opium. 

The concrete, milky exudation, obtained by incis- 
ing the unripe capsules of Papaver somniferum, or 
white poppy, an annual herb, natural order Papa- 
veraceae, habitat Asia Minor. In its normal, moist 
condition it should yield not less than nine per cent, 
of morphine, when assayed by the official process. 
It contains seventeen alkaloids, two neutral bodies, 
two organic acids ; also wax, gum, sugar, resin, ex- 
tractives, odorous principles, etc. The six principal 
alkaloids of opium are : 

1. Morphina, morphine — hypnotic, anodyne, and 
narcotic. 



CEREBRAL DEPRESSANTS. 135 

2. Codeina, codeine — calmative and less constipat- 
ing. 

3. Thebaina, thebaine — a tetanizer and not used 
medicinally. 

4. Narceina, narceine — regarded as the most hyp- 
notic of the six. 

5. Papaverina, papaverine — of doubtful action; 
supposedly narcotic and convulsant. 

6. Narcotina, narcotine — wrongly named, as it is 
a tetanizer and highly antiperiodic. 

These principles are combined in the plant with 
meconic and lactic acids. 

A derivative of morphine, obtained by the action 
of HC1, is— 

Apomorphina, apomorphine— an artificial alkaloid 
and a powerful emetic. Its hydrochlorate, which is 
official, is given to the dog in doses of gr. J per os, 
or gr. yVtV subcutaneously. 

Chief Preparations of Opium used in veterin- 
ary practice are: 

Opii Pulvis, powdered opium. Dose: H., 3 i.-ij. ; 
D., gr. i-iij. 

Extr actum Opii, extract of opium (aqueous). 
Dose: H., 3 ss.-i. ; D., gr. J-iss. 

Tinctura Opii, U. S. P. (ten per cent.), tincture 
of opium, laudanum. Dose: H., fl. J i.-ij.; D., 
Til viij.-xx. 

Tinctura Opii Camphorata, Elixir Paregoric, 
camphorated tincture of opium, paregoric, elixir pare- 
goric. Contains powdered opium 4, benzoic acid 4, 
camphor 4, oil of anise 4, glycerin 40, and diluted al- 



136 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDIC A. 

cohol enough to make 1,000 parts. Dose: D.,fl. 3 ss.- 
iv. 

Pulvis Ipecacuanhce et Opii, Dover's powder. 
Contains ipecac 1, opium 1, sugar of milk 8 parts, 
triturated to a fine powder. Dose: H., 3i.-iij. ; 
D., gr. v.-xv. 

Preparations of Morphine, etc. — Morphince 
Acetas, acetate of morphine; Morphince Hydro- 
chloras, hydrochlorate or muriate of morphine; Mor- 
phince Sulphas, sulphate of morphine. Dose: H., 
gr. iij.-x. ; D., gr. yV~i; subcutaneously one-half of 
these doses. 

Morphina sulphas occurs as white, feathery, acicu- 
lar crystals, of a silky lustre, permanent in the air, 
odorless, having a bitter taste and a neutral reaction. 
Soluble in 24 parts of water, in 702 parts of alcohol, 
and in 0.75 part of boiling water. 

Liquor Morphince Sulphatis Magendi, Magen- 
die's solution of morphine. Has morphine sulphate 
grs. xvi. dissolved in distilled water 1 ounce. 

Liquor Morphince Sulphatis, U. S. P., 1870. 
Has morphine sulphate gr. i. to the ounce of dis- 
tilled water. (Special care must be taken to distin- 
guish between these two solutions.) 

Codeina, codeine. White or yellowish-white, 
more or less translucent, rhombic prisms, somewhat 
efflorescent in warm air, odorless, having a slightly 
bitter taste and an alkaline reaction. Soluble in 80 
parts of water, in 17 parts of boiling water, in 6 
parts of ether, and very soluble in alcohol and in 
chloroform. Dose: H., gr. v.-xx. ; D., gr. |-ij. 



CEREBRAL DEPRESSANTS. 13? 

Codeince Phosphas, phosphate of codeine. Is giv- 
en in the same doses as the preceding, but is much 
more soluble (1 : 20 of water). 

Tests for Morphine. — Nitric acid produces a blood - 
red, turning orange, then yellow, then disappearing. 
Ferric chloride gives a rich blue with morphine; a 
dark-brown with meconic acid or any preparation of 
opium. Iodic acid liberates iodine, which may be 
tested for with starch. 

Physiological Action.— Opium and its prepar- 
ations are stimulant to the heart and brain, hypnotic, 
antispasmodic, deliriant, narcotic, sedative, myotic, 
and diaphoretic. These last two are not so prominent 
in the lower animals as in man. Small doses in- 
crease the heart's action, raise arterial tension, stim- 
ulate respiration, contract the pupils, and while at 
first slightly stimulating the glandular intestinal ap- 
paratus, soon check all secretions except sweat and 
milk. Full doses intensify the heart's action, cause 
more or less stertorous and shallow respiration, itchi- 
ness of the nose, retention of urine, pulse becoming 
gradually irregular; some diaphoresis. In some ani- 
mals a deep sleep, in others delirium and excitement. 
Larger doses cause a weak and slow pulse, very ir- 
regular and stertorous respirations, a cold clammy 
sweat, and coma. 

Toxicology. — Death takes place from paralysis of 
the respiratory centre. Experiments on the lower 
animals by the writer showed that they are relatively 
not as much affected by opium and its preparations 
as man. The horse more usually becomes restless 



138 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

excited, and delirious than relapsing into a sleep or 
coma ; the same is true of the bovine species. Again, 
in both of these animals the pupil does not always 
respond to the action of the drug, neither is diapho- 
resis so readily induced by it as in man. The dog, 
however, is more susceptible to this drug than the 
equine or bovine, and although after a brief period 
of excitement these animals are overcome by its ac- 
tion, they are quite readily awakened. Particular 
individuals of all these species, however, will be 
found quite susceptible to the action of opium and its 
preparations. The writer injected subcutaneously 
morphine sulphate 3 i. in a mare of one thousand 
pounds at 9 P.M. In fifteen minutes the animal ap- 
peared slightly drowsy, but rapidly became nervous 
and excited ; by 9 :30 P.M. the pulse was increased both 
in force and volume, respirations slightly stertorous. 
10 p. M: Forty-five grains more were injected; pulse 
continued, strong and bounding, increased nervous 
excitement, pupils somewhat dilated. 12 p.m.: The 
animal appeared still in about the same condition, and 
at 3 a.m. gr. lx. more were injected: the pulse was 
now somewhat weaker than before and respirations 
irregular and laborious. 6 A.M. : The last symptoms 
aggravated, pulse very weak and irregular, nervous 
excitement much abated, insensibility to pain. 8.30 
a.m. : Great dulness, cold sweat, pulse very small and 
weak, respiration jerky and irregular, pupils con- 
tracted. Death took place at 9 a.m. Post-mortem 
examination showed a wet brain, congested lungs, 
blood fluid and dark-colored, engorgement of the 



CEREBRAL DEPRESSANTS. 139 

venous trunks and right side of heart, bladder dis- 
tended with a dark-colored urine. 

Treatment of Opium Poisoning. — -The stomach 
should be evacuated whenever practicable, respiration 
and circulation maintained ; intratracheal or subcu- 
taneous injections of atropine in small doses (care- 
fully, lest atropine narcosis be substituted for the 
opium narcosis). This is one of the most complete 
antagonists known. The animal should if possible be 
kept in motion, and the bladder frequently evacuated 
to prevent reabsorption. 

Permanganate of potash is also a very excellent 
antidote. The writer found that an aged gelding 
poisoned by morphine sulphate 3 i. made a complete 
recovery in four hours, after receiving drachm doses of 
the permanganate every half -hour for six consecutive 
doses. 

Caffeine, cocaine, and strychnine are also antago- 
nistic to some of the effects of opium. 

Therapeutics. — The chief indications for the use 
of opium or morphine are : (1) To relieve pain ; (2) 
to produce sleep ; (3) to allay irritation ; (4) to check 
excessive secretions; (5) to support the system; (0) 
as a sudorific. It should be carefully used in very 
young animals or in old animals; also in advanced 
disease of the kidneys, respiratory apparatus, cardiac 
troubles, acute fevers, and obstinate constipation. 

Opium and its preparations are given to relieve 
pain from any cause except acute inflammation of 
the brain; in irritation of the bronchi, irritable cough, 
irritation of the bladder, stomach, intestinal appara- 



140 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

tus ; in persistent vomiting due to irritation of the 
vomiting centre; in diarrhoea and dysentery — usu- 
ally with tincture kino or other vegetable astringent ; 
gastritis, enteritis, peritonitis ; muscular rheumatism ; 
spasms, spasmodic colic; in cerebro-spinal menin- 
gitis — to relieve pain and irritability; tetanus; in 
diabetes mellitus — to reduce the quantity of sugar; 
to relieve post-partum irritability and straining in 
mares, cows, and bitches ; also to check premature 
labor pains. Externally — as a local anodyne and sed- 
ative, to relieve pain and irritability of wounds, 
bruises, sores, etc., see Liquor Plumbi et Opii and 
Plumbum ; applications of laudanum and soap lini- 
ment to chest walls in pleurisy ; painful uterine affec- 
tions — douches of hot water and laudanum. 

Bromine and Bromides. 

Bromum, bromine, is a liquid, non-metallic ele- 
ment, having the symbol Br, and is obtained from 
sea- water and certain saline springs. It is a dark, 
reddish-brown, mobile liquid, evolving, even at or- 
dinary temperature, a yellowish-red vapor highly ir- 
ritating to the eyes and lungs, and having a peculiar, 
suffocating odor, resembling that of chlorine. It is 
soluble in 33 parts of water and very soluble in both 
ether and alcohol. It is rarely used medicinally ex- 
cept by inhalation and as an escharotic. 

The Chief Preparations of Bromine used in 
veterinary practice are*. 

Potassii Bromidum, potassium bromide— KBr. 
Colorless, translucent, cubical crystals, permanent in 



CEKEBKAL DEPRESSANTS. 141 

dry air, odorless, having a pungent, saline taste and 
a neutral reaction. Soluble in 1.6 parts of water and 
in 200 parts of alcohol. 

Sodii Bromidum, sodium bromide — NaBr. Small, 
colorless or white, monoclinic prisms, or a crystalline 
powder, permanent in dry air, odorless, having a 
saline, slightly bitter taste and a neutral or faintly 
alkaline reaction. Soluble in 1.2 parts of water and 
in 13 parts of alcohol. 

Lithii Bromidum, lithium bromide — LiBr. A 
white, granular salt, very deliquescent, odorless, hav- 
ing a very sharp, somewhat bitter taste and a neu- 
tral reaction. Very soluble both in water and in 
alcohol. 

Ammonii Bromidum, ammonium bromide — 
NH 4 Br. Colorless, transparent, prismatic crystals, or 
a white granular salt, becoming yellow on long expo- 
sure to air, odorless, having a pungent, saline taste 
and a neutral reaction. Soluble in 1.5 parts of water 
and in 150 parts of alcohol. 

Calcii Bromidum, calcium bromide — CaBr 2 . A 
white, granular salt, very deliquescent, odorless, hav- 
ing a pungent, saline, and bitter taste and a neutral 
reaction. Soluble in 0.7 part of water and in 1 part 
of alcohol. 

The actions of these bromides are very nearly iden- 
tical, and their dose is as follows : H. and C, 3 iv.- 
f i. ; D., gr. v.-xxx. 

Camphor a Monobromata. — See Camphor. 

Acidum Hydrobromicum Dilutum, diluted hydro- 
bromic acid. A clear, colorless, aqueous liquid, con- 



142 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

taining ten per cent, of absolute HBr acid, and used 
as a substitute for the bromides. Dose: H. and C, 
fl. iss.-ij.; D., m xx.-fl. 3ij. 

Physiological Action of Bromine.— It is an 
active and painful escharotic, a deodorant and anti- 
septic, setting free ozone, while its vapor is a powerful 
irritant to the eyes and respiratory mucous mem- 
branes, causing cough, sneezing, and dyspnoea. In- 
ternally — it is an active, corrosive poison, causing 
violent gastritis, depression, and collapse. 

Physiological Action of the Bromides.— The 
bromides all have a very salty taste, are very diffusi- 
ble, and are very slowly eliminated. They become 
decomposed in the blood, but are reformed at the 
points of elimination — the fauces, intestines, skin, 
and kidneys — where they sometimes cause much ir- 
ritation, and if continued for some time indigestion 
and even gastric catarrh may result. The bromides 
are depressants of the cerebral and spinal functions; 
they are alterative, antispasmodic, and hypnotic, the 
potassium salt particularly in toxic doses being a car- 
diac and muscular paralyzant. They all reduce the 
number of the respirations, lower the number and 
force of the heart beats, and lower arterial tension by 
diminishing the calibre of the arterioles. The activ- 
ity of the brain cells is diminished, producing a state 
of somnolence or drowsiness, and the sensibility of 
the peripheral nerves is so diminished that a species 
of anaesthesia of the skin and mucous membranes is 
produced. Motility and sexual functions are some- 
what impaired. There is more or less emaciation, 



CEREBRAL DEPRESSANTS. 143 

subnormal body- temperature, fetid breath, sluggish 
reflexes, and a lack of coordination of movement. 
These last symptoms, taken collectively, are termed 
"bromism," and are probably due to the sedative ac- 
tion of the bromides upon the sympathetic system, 
causing anaemia of the brain, spinal cord, sexual or- 
gans, and skin. Toxic doses destroy life by asphyxia. 

Differences in Action of the Bromides. — 
Potassium Bromide (containing sixty-six per cent, 
of bromine) is the most toxic to the heart and mus- 
cular apparatus, and the least hypnotic. 

Sodium Bromide (containing seventy-eight per 
cent, of bromine) is the least toxic, but the most 
hypnotic. It acts strongly upon the circulation, but 
is more readily borne by the stomach than the others. 

Ammonium Bromide, very much resembling the 
potassium salt, has less influence upon the heart and 
muscular apparatus, but partakes of the stimulating 
properties of its base. 

Lithium Bromide (containing ninety-two per cent, 
of bromine) is quite similar to the sodium salt, and is 
a very powerful hypnotic. 

Calcium Bromide is not very active except as a 
hypnotic. 

Incompatibles and Antagonists. — Incompatibles 
are acids, metallic salts, and nitrous ether. Vaso- 
motor stimulants-^-as digitalis, ergot, and belladonna 
— antagonize many effects of the bromides, but mor- 
phine is the most complete antagonist. 

Contra- Indications for the Use of the Bromides. 
— Anaemic conditions and weak or fatty heart. 



144 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

Therapeutics. — Cardiac excitement — the potas- 
sium bromide with digitalis. In epilepsy and chorea 
of dogs; in acute rheumatism — the NH 4 Br as an al- 
kali ; in muscular rheumatism — the LiBr. The bro- 
mides are given to relieve spasms of various kinds, 
to produce rest, quietude, and sleep — as in tetanus, 
colic, cerebral and spinal congestion, etc. In dia- 
betes mellitus— the NH 4 Br with As 2 3 . The HBr 
acid is given in irritable cough, etc., and in all cases 
in which the bromides are indicated, except epilepsy. 



MOTOR DEPRESSANTS. 

Gelsemium — Yellow Jasmine. 

The rhizome and rootlets of Gelsemium sempervi- 
rens, a climbing plant indigenous in the Southern 
United States, of the natural order Loganiacese, and 
containing an alkaloid known as gelsemine, in com- 
bination with gelsemic acid; also a resinous sub- 
stance and. a volatile oil. 

Preparations. — Tinctura Gelsemdi, tincture of 
yellow jasmine. Dose: H., fl. 3 ij.— viij. ; D., tt[ x.- 
fl. 3 i. 

Extractum Gelsemii Fluidum, fluid extract of 
yellow jasmine. Dose: H., fl. 3 ss.^-ij. ; D., "TU ij.-xx. 

Gelsemina, gelsemine. Dose: H., gr. |-f; D., 

This alkaloid is soluble in alcohol, ether, and chlo- 
roform, while its salts — the sulphate, nitrate, hydro- 



MOTOR DEPRESSANTS. 145 

chlorate, and hydrobromate — are soluble in water and 
are given in the same doses. 

Physiological Actions.— Antispasmodic, dia- 
phoretic, anaphrodisiac, and nervous depressant. 
In large doses paralyzing motility primarily, and 
sensibility by central action on the spinal cord, and 
frequently causing convulsions. Medium doses slow 
the heart rate and cause impaired sensibility, en- 
feebled muscular power, dilated pupils, and some dia- 
phoresis. While gelsemium lowers the heart rate, it 
is not an arterial depressant and should not be given 
if the heart is weak. It does not irritate the gastro- 
intestinal canal, and if given in small repeated doses 
lowers bodily temperature ; the effect of a single me- 
dium dose continuing for about three hours. It is 
excreted chiefly by the kidneys and skin. 

Therapeutics. — In pneumonia and pleurisy, if 
heart is not yet weakened ; in spasmodic cough ; in 
remittent fever; in cerebro-spinal meningitis; in 
vesicular irritability, incontinence of urine, and dys- 
menorrhoea. 

Antagonists are morphine, digitalis, ammonia, 
and alcohol, ranking in efficacy in the order named ; 
but the application of heat to the body, artificial res- 
piration, and emetics when possible, are of vital im- 
portance to counteract the toxic effects of the drug. 

f Pilocarpus — Jaborandi. 

T'ae leaflets of Pilocarpus selloanus and of Pilocar- 
pus jaborandi, Brazilian plants of the natural order 
Rutacese, containing an amorphous liquid alkaloid, 
10 



146 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

pilocarpine, which is soluble in alcohol, ammonia, 
ether, chloroform, and dilute acids, forming crystal- 
lizable salts — the nitrate and hydrochlorate being 
chiefly used. Another alkaloid — jaborine — also oc- 
curs, but only in small quantity, and physiologically 
it is antagonistic to pilocarpine. 

Preparations. — Extractum Pilocarpi Fluidum, 
fluid extract of pilocarpus. Dose: H., fl. 3 ij.-viij. ; 
D., m x.-fl. 3i. 

Pilocarpince Hydrochloras, hydrochlorate of pilo- 
carpine; Pilocarpince Nitras, nitrate of pilocarpine. 
Dose: H., gr. ij.-v. ; D., gr. iVi; for subcutaneous 
injection. 

Physiological Action. — Jaborandi stimulates 
peripheral nerve endings supplying involuntary mus- 
cular fibre and glands; is also a paralyzer of the 
vasomotor system, a diaphoretic, a sialogogue, and 
depresses the heart by stimulation of the vagus ends. 
Its myotic and emetic properties are not well marked 
on the lower animals, excepting the canine species. 
The same is true of its diaphoretic action, which in 
the dog is quite prominent, but on the horse and ox 
is quite uncertain and can only be induced if the ani- 
mal be heavily clothed and given warm drinks along 
with full doses of the drug. The nasal, buccal, bron- 
chial, and lachrymal secretions are very much in- 
creased, and sometimes a watery diarrhoea accom- 
panies the administration of the drug, due to its 
powerful stimulant effect upon the muscular coat of 
the intestines as well as on the intestinal glandular 
apparatus. When first given, the cardiac action is 



MOTOR DEPRESSANTS. 147 

increased, but afterward decreased, arterial tension is 
lowered, and bodily temperature falls from 1° to 4° F. 
The elimination of urea is greatly increased, but the 
amount of urine voided is not increased ; the respira- 
tory power is lowered, and apncea may occur from 
accumulation of the increased mucous secretion. 
Pilocarpus is rapidly diffused and is eliminated by 
the skin and salivary glands, its effects continuing 
for from three to six hours. It causes contractions 
of the bladder, spleen, and uterus; hence must be 
Cautiously used in pregnant animals. 

Antagonists. — Morphine and strychnine counter- 
act some of its effects, but atropine is the most com- 
plete antagonist. 

Therapeutics. — Pilocarpus assists in the absorp- 
tion of pleuritic and other serous effusions, is used in 
rheumatism, Qhronic eczema, and with other expecto- 
rants in catarrhal pneumonia; in inflammation of the 
brain, meningitis, laminitis, azoturia, erysipelas, and 
various dropsical affections ; in torpidity of the bow- 
el, obstinate constipation, and colic — combined with 
physostigmine ; in diabetes insipidus — to reduce the 
quantity of the urine by throwing the eliminative 
work upon the skin ; it also gives prompt relief in 
parotitis. 

Physostigma — Calabar Bean. 

(Faba Calabarica.) 

The seeds of Physostigma venenosum, or ordeal 

plant, natural order Leguminosse, a woody creeper 

of Calabar, West Africa. It contains, besides albu- 



148 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

mi nous matters, starch, oil, and an alkaloid, known 
as eserine, physostigmine, or calabrine (some writers 
claim a second alkaloid for the Calabar bean, and 
designate this as calabarine). 

Chief Preparations. — Faba Calabarica, Cala- 
bar bean (powdered). Dose: H. and C, gr. xv.- 
xxx.; D., gr. £-£. 

Physostigmince Salicylas, physostigmine (eser- 
ine) salicylate. Colorless, shining, acicular, or short 
columnar crystals, gradually turning reddish when 
long exposed to light and air, odorless, having a bit- 
ter taste and a neutral reaction. Soluble in 130 
parts of water and in 12 parts of alcohol. The aque- 
ous, also alcoholic solution, when exposed to light 
for a short time, turns reddish and should be dis- 
carded. 

Physostigmince Sulphas, physostigmine (eserine) 
sulphate. In appearance and properties resembles 
the salicylate. Dose of either of these salts, subcu- 
taneously or intratracheally : Dose: H., gr. i.-iss. ; 
D., gr. ¥ V^o ; per os, H., gr. ij.-iij. ; D., gr. aWo- 

Lamellce Physostigmce, disks of physostigmine, 
medicated disks. Used locally on the eye, each con- 
taining gr. yoV o • 

Physiological Action.— Physostigma is a pow- 
erful muscular stimulant and direct spinal paralyzer, 
capable of producing a complete general paralysis 
and abolishment of the reflexes without affecting 
muscular irritability or the brain. Secretions are 
stimulated, nausea and vomiting are induced, par- 
ticularly in carnivora. Its cathartic properties are 



MOTOR DEPRESSANTS. 1.49 

brought about by its powerful stimulation of the in- 
testinal walls, as well as by increasing the amount of 
intestinal secretion, thus rapidly causing the expul- 
sion of gas and faeces (in the horse within fifteen to 
thirty minutes after intratracheal injection). The 
frequency of the heart beats are increased, but de- 
creased in force, while arterial tension, though at first 
lowered, is raised. Over-doses cause dyspnoea by a 
tetanic action on the respiratory muscles, death taking 
place from C0 2 poisoning induced by the paralysis of 
respiration. Physostigmine contracts the pupil and 
the ciliary muscle, producing a marked myosis and 
reducing intraocular pressure. Its myotic effects are 
noticeable in the horse thirty minutes after adminis- 
tration ; in carnivora, in from fifteen to twenty min- 
utes. The elimination of physostigmine, while exe- 
cuted to some extent by bile, saliva, and gastric 
fluids, is accomplished chiefly by the kidneys, the 
urine of an animal under its action being capable of 
poisoning another. 

Antagonists, for its effect on the heart, respiration, 
and pupil, are atropine and chloral hydrate. 

Therapeutics. — In colic due to intestinal obstruc- 
tion, etc., constipation, intestinal torpor — physostig- 
mine combined with equal quantity of pilocarpine. 
In tetanus — to diminish reflex excitability; in cho- 
rea, epilepsy, and as antagonists in strychnine and 
atropine poisoning; in eye diseases, as a myotic, to 
relieve congestion and inflammation of the eyeball, 
to reduce intraocular tension, and, alternated with 
atropine, to reduce adhesions of the iris; also to re- 



150 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

lieve pain and to prevent photophobia. Chronic 
dropsical conditions of articulations and bursse of 
tendons of the horse, after removing the fluid by the 
aspirator — the cavity is injected with a one-per-cent. 
solution of physostigmine, and ice or refrigerant lo- 
tions applied for several days to combat the resulting 
inflammation (Stottmeister). 

Caution. — Preparations of Calabar bean should 
never be used in pregnant animals, as the drug stim- 
ulates the muscular fibre of the uterus, thus some- 
times causing abortion or miscarriage. 

Aconitum — Aconite. 
(Syn. — Wolfsbane, Monkshood, Blue Rocket.) 

The tuberous root of Aconitum napellus, natural 
order Ranunculacese, a perennial plant found in moun- 
tainous regions, and containing about .03 per cent, of 
an active alkaloid known as aconitine, in combina- 
tion with aconitic acid. Other varieties of aconite 
are said to contain several other principles, concern- 
ing which there is much division of opinion — viz. : 
napelline, aconine, pseudaconitine, lyctonine, etc. 
But it is generally conceded that Aconitum ferox, 
from Nepaul, contains pseudaconitine, which is much 
more active than aconitine. Also that a Japanese 
variety contains an alkaloid known as japaconitine, 
which is said to be even stronger yet than pseudacon- 
itine. 

Preparations. — Extractum Aconiti, extract of 
aconite. Dose: H., gr. i.-v.; D., gr. -J-J. 



MOTOR DEPRESSANTS. l5l 

Extractum Aconiti Fluidum, fluid extract of aco- 
nite. Dose: H., m v.-xx. ; D., m ^-i. 

Tinctura Aconiti, U. S. P. , . tincture of aconite 
(thniy-five per cent.). Dose: H., fU xv.-xl. ; D., 
TIL ss.-iij. 

Tinctura Aconiti, Fleming's, Fleming's tincture 
of aconite (seventy-nine per cent.). Dose: H., 
fit viij.-xv. ; D., iU -J— f. Now almost obsolete and 
not so reliable as the fluid extract. 

Aconitina, aconitine. White, flat crystals, of a 
feebly bitter taste; soluble in alcohol, ether, and 
chloroform; incompatible with alkalies, tannin, and 
mercurial salts. Difficult to obtain of a constant and 
reliable strength. The most reliable are Squibb's ni- 
trate of aconitine and aconitinum purum, Merck. 
Used hypodermically on the horse in doses of gr. 



30 2 0' 

Oleatum Aconitince, oleate of aconite (two per 
cent.) . For local use only. 

Physiological Action. — Aconite and its prepa- 
rations are sensory, cardiac, respiratory, and spinal 
depressants of great activity and power; also antipy- 
retics, diaphoretics, and diuretics, its antipyretic ac- 
tion being due to its sedative action upon the heart 
and respiration; hence its use is indicated at the off- 
set of acute inflammatory diseases. Small doses, 
given upon the tongue, soon cause a sensation of 
numbness and a persistent tingling of the lips and 
tongue. Full doses cause a feeling of constriction of 
the fauces, irritation of the gastro-intestinal mucous 
membrane, with increased secretion, sometimes with 



152 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDIC A. 

a slight diarrhoea. In the horse — movements as of 
deglutition ; in the dog — nausea and sometimes vom- 
iting. Always more or less salivation, diaphoresis, 
and diuresis; reduced respiratory power, due to de- 
pression of respiratory centre, as well as the reduced 
circulation; decreased heart rate and force; lowered 
arterial tension and temperature. Toxic doses pro- 
duce great muscular weakness, impairment of vision, 
pupils sometimes dilated, occasionally contracted; 
shallow, irregular, and labored respiration; a slow, 
weak pulse; coldness and numbness of body and. ex- 
tremities; clammy sweat; abolishment of reflexes, 
sensation, and motility. The temperature is low- 
ered from 2° to 3° F., and death takes place from 
paralysis of heart and respiration, with or without 
convulsions, consciousness being preserved until 
near the end, when C0 2 poisoning sets in. Post- 
mortem examination shows shrunken lungs, contain- 
ing but little blood ; trachea and bronchi containing 
much frothy mucus; right side of heart greatly dis- 
tended with blood, while left side is almost empty ; 
ecchymotic spots found in lungs, pleura, and endo- 
cardium; digestive organs do not appear seriously 
affected. 

Aconite acts chiefly upon the peripheral ends of the 
sensory nerves, but paralyzes both motor as well as 
sensory nerves, the latter being affected first and from 
the periphery inward, while the motor nerves are 
affected from the centres outward. While not affect- 
ing the brain, it relaxes the cardiac inhibitory appa- 
ratus, paralyzes the heart muscle and its contained 



MOTOR DEPRESSANTS. 153 

ganglia, the respiratory centres, and the spinal cord 
in all its functions (motor, sensory, and reflex). 
Aconite is slowly eliminated but rapidly absorbed, 
and its action continues for from three to four hours ; 
the elimination being accomplished chiefly by the 
kidneys, increasing both the solid as well as fluid 
constituents of the urine. Applied externally, it 
paralyzes the sensory nerve endings of the part; 
hence acts as a local anodyne and relieving pain. 

Aconite Compared with Digitalis.— Aconite 
at first stimulates, but soon relaxes inhibition and 
depresses the cardiac motor ganglia. Digitalis in- 
creases inhibition and stimulates the heart muscle. 
Both drugs finally paratyze the heart — aconite by di- 
rect depression, digitalis by over-stimulation. Aco- 
nite arrests the heart in diastole, digitalis in systole. 
Aconite lowers arterial tension, digitalis raises it. 
Aconite acts quickly, digitalis very slowly. Both 
slow the heart, but otherwise antagonize each other 
in their cardiac actions. 

Antagonists and Antidotes. — Caffeine, atropine, 
morphine, ether, ammonia, and amyl nitrite antago- 
nize its action on the heart and respiration. Digitalis 
counteracts its heart action and the relaxation of car- 
diac inhibition, but as it acts only slowly is not of 
much service in aconite poisoning. Evacuate stom- 
ach if possible, apply warmth and friction to extrem- 
ities, stimulants; in small patients — artificial respir- 
ation ; always recumbent position. 

Therapeutics. — Aconite is given in carefully 
regulated doses in pyrexia; in enteritis, peritonitis, 



154 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDlCA. 

laminitis, acute rheumatism, acute inflammations of 
the respiratory apparatus, and acute throat affections; 
in simple and eruptive fevers, puerperal and surgical 
fever, diarrhoea and dysentery from cold or exposure ; 
in colic — combined with purgatives; in constipation 
of plethoric animals, with hot, dry, feverish skin. 
Aconite liniments are used externally to relieve pain 
and irritability, but must not be applied over too 
large a surface, as there might be absorption enough 
to poison the animal. 

Veratrum — Hellebore. 

Varieties of Veratrum. — Veratrum viride, Amer- 
ican hellebore or poke root (natural order Liliacese) ; 
Veratrum album, European hellebore ; and Veratrum 
sabadilla, or Asagrcea officinalis, the Mexican variety. 
Of these the first only is official in the U. S. P., but 
an alkaloid or mixture of alkaloids from the seeds of 
the Mexican variety is also recognized under the 
name of veratrine. 

The alkaloids contained in each plant are as fol- 
lows: In veratrum viride — jervine, pseudo-jervine, 
cevadine, rubijervine. In veratrum album — jervine, 
pseudo-jervine, veratralbine, rubijervine. In vera- 
trum sabadilla — veratrine, cevadine, cevadilline. 

Veratroidine is now considered a mixture of rubi- 
jervine and a toxic resin. 

Preparations. — Extr actum Veratri Viridis 
Fluidum, fluid extract of American hellebore root. 
Dose: EL, fl. 3 ss.-i. ; D., m T y-|. 

Tinctura Veratri Viridis, tincture of American 



MOTOR DEPRESSANTS. 155 

hellebore root (fifty per cent.). Dose: H., fl. 3 ss.- 
ij.; D., mf-i. 

Veratrum Viride (Pulvis), powdered poke root. 
Dose: H., 3 ss.-i. ; D., gr. ^-i. 

Veratrina, veratrine. An alkaloid or mixture of 
alkaloids obtained from the seeds of Asagrcea offici- 
nalis, natural order Melanthacese. A white or gray- 
ish-white, amorphous, rarely crystalline powder, per- 
manent in the air, odorless, of a distinctive acrid 
taste, leaving a sensation of tingling and numbness 
upon the tongue, producing constriction of the fauces, 
and highly irritant to the mucous membranes of the 
upper air passages. It is very slightly soluble in cold 
or hot water, imparting to it an acrid taste and a fee- 
bly alkaline reaction. It is soluble in 3 parts of alco- 
hol, in 6 parts of ether, in 2 of chloroform, in 96 of 
glycerin, and in 56 parts of olive oil. Dose: H., gr. 
^-ij. ; D., gr. ^V~ tVj hypodermically, one-half of these 
doses. 

Oleatum Veratrince, oleate of veratrine (two per 
cent.) ; Unguentum Veratrince, ointment of vera- 
trine (four per cent.). For local use only. 

Physiological Action.— Veratrum viride is a 
powerful depressant to the heart and spinal functions, 
a spinal paralyzant, and closely resembles aconite, 
from which it differs in being a systemic emeto- 
cathartic, in paralyzing the motor system centrally, 
impairing the reflexes, but in having but slight ac- 
tion upon sensation, and in being practically devoid 
of diaphoretic and diuretic action. Small doses re- 
duce the force of the pulse, and only affect the fre- 



156 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDIC A. 

quency of the pulse when continued for some time. 
It at times causes considerable depression, muscular 
weakness, nausea, and vomiting. Large doses make 
the pulse very small, rapid, and almost imperceptible, 
and frequently cause gastro-enteritis. Respiration is 
not nearly so much affected as by aconite. Toxic 
doses cause a fatal cardiac paralysis, preceded by 
coldness of surface, impaired vision, constant vomit- 
ing, and sometimes partial unconsciousness. 

Jervine partly represents the depressant action on 
the circulation and on the central nervous system, 
while it does not affect the vagus, and but very 
slightly the voluntary muscles or motor nerves. It 
irritates the motor centres in the brain, causing con- 
vulsions; it lowers the functions of the cord, of the 
centres in the medulla, especially the vasomotor, 
and those of the cardiac ganglia, slowing the heart by 
direct depression either of the cardiac muscle or its 
motor apparatus. It always causes salivation, but 
never vomiting or purging ; it kills by asphyxia, the 
heart beating after respiration has ceased. 

Veratroidine always causes emeto-catharsis, pro- 
duces less violent convulsions, stimulates the vagus 
centre, and paralyzes the vagus ends; depresses the 
cord and paralyzes the respiratory centre, but at the 
same time increases the excitability of the vasomotor 
centre. The result is a great slowing of the pulse 
rate and of respiration, lowering of the blood pressure, 
until the carbonized blood irritates the vasomotor 
centre, when blood pressure greatly rises. 

Veratrum album contains a very powerful alkaloid, 



MOTOR DEPRESSANTS. 157 

veratralbine, and also an irritant poisonous resin. In 
action it greatly resembles its congener, but is mucb 
more irritant to the gastro-intestinal mucous mem- 
brane, causes violent vomiting and purging, intense 
abdominal and oesophageal pain, greatly reduced tem- 
perature and pulse, collapse, and death from paraly- 
sis of heart and respiration. 

Veratrine causes free salivation, affects the heart 
and circulation similarly to the other veratrise, besides 
being a direct poison to muscular tissue. The alka- 
loids jervine and rubijervine both depress the circula- 
tion, while the latter produces the emeto-catharsis. 

Veratrum poisoning should be treated in the same 
manner as aconite poisoning. 

Therapeutics. — Veratrum, although inferior to 
aconite in fevers and inflammations, because of its 
lack of power over excretions, is an excellent sedative 
in the treatment of aneurism, simple hypertrophy, 
and irritable heart; in puerperal convulsions and fe- 
vers; in the earlier stages of parenchymatous and 
serous inflammations, particularly in pneumonia 
and enteritis; in rheumatism, laminitis; hypodermic 
injections of veratrine in the affected muscles in 
rheumatism and muscular atony ; also externally to 
relieve neuralgic pains, and as an insecticide. 

Flores Arnica — Arnica Flowers. 

The flowering heads of Arnica Montana, natural 
order Compositse, a perennial plant of the mountain- 
ous regions of the northern hemisphere. It is some- 
times known as leopard's bane, and contains a gluco- 



158 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDIC A. 

side-like principle — arnicin — which is insoluble in 
water; also about one per cent, of an essential oil, 
with inulin, tannin, mucilage, resins, capronic and 
caprylic acids, and trimethylamine, which is thought 
to be the active principle, and which is yielded by 
the essential oil. 

Tinctura Arnicce Florum (twenty per cent.), tinc- 
ture of arnica flowers, is the chief preparation. 
Dose: EL, fl. Jss.-i.; D., TT[v.-x. This preparation 
is used mostly externally, more or less diluted. The 
bruised and moistened flowers are also sometimes 
used as a poultice. Internally its action is said to 
be uncertain, but it has been used with good results 
in pulmonary congestion and lymphangitis by Pro- 
fessor Williams and others, who claim that it quick- 
ens the cutaneous circulation. It is an irritant, 
stimulant, depressant, antipyretic, diuretic, and vul- 
nerar} r . Small doses increase the heart's action and 
stimulate the action of the skin and kidneys. Large 
doses depress the heart and respiration, and reduce 
temperature. Toxic doses paralyze the entire nervous 
system, causing collapse and death. Internally — it 
is employed in rheumatism, lymphangitis, inflamma- 
tions of serous membranes, in chronic dysentery, ty- 
phoid fevers, paralysis of bladder, chorea, concussion 
of brain, etc. Externally — to bruises, contusions, 
sprains, wounds, cuts, harness and saddle galls. 

The Nitrites. 

Amyl Nitris, amyl nitrite — C 5 H 11 N0 2 — is a clear, 
yellowish, oily liquid, of a powerful and ethereal 



MOTOR DEPRESSANTS. 159 

odor, extremely volatile, insoluble in water, but solu- 
ble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform. It is obtained 
by the reaction of nitrous or nitric acid upon amylic 
alcohol. Dose: H., fl. 3 ss.-ij. ; D., tlli.-v. 

Glonoinum, glonoin, glyceryl trinitrate, trinitrin, 
nitroglycerin — C 3 H.(N0 3 ) 3 — is a clear, oily liquid, 
insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol, and is pro- 
duced by the reaction of HN0 3 and H 2 S0 4 upon glyc- 
erin. It is a very explosive compound, and is there- 
fore usually kept only in one-per-cent. solution in 
alcohol, which is known as — 

Tinctura Trinitrini, one per cent. ; Spiritus 
Glonoini, one per cent. Dose: H., fl. 3 ss.-ij.; D., 

TUSS.-X. 

Sodii NitrtSy sodium nitrite ; Potassce Nitris, po- 
tassium nitrite. Dose: H., gr. xv.-3iss. ; D., gr. 
ss.-iij. 

Etliyli Ifitris, ethyl nitrite — C 2 H 5 N0 2 — constitutes 
about five per cent, of spiritus setheris nitrosi. (See 
under ^Ether). 

Physiological Action. — The nitrites are said to 
produce great vascular dilatation, and consequently 
lower blood pressure. They are all muscle poisons in 
large doses. They create a tumultuous action of the 
heart by relaxing its inhibitory apparatus ; they di- 
minish sensation, motion, and reflexes; they lower 
body temperature and respiration. 

The amyl nitrite is the most prompt but less endur- 
ing in action, and is best given by inhalation. The 
nitroglycerin is less prompt, less violent, but more 
lasting in action, and most suitable for internal use. 



160 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

Therapeutics. — The nitrites are employed in an- 
gina pectoris, asthma, epilepsy, spasmodic cough, 
vomiting and nausea, puerperal convulsions, chronic 
interstitial nephritis, tetanus. 



ANTIZYMOTICS, ANTIPYRETICS, ANTI- 
PERIODICS. 

The cinchona alkaloids are the most powerful of 
these, and have already been described. 

Antipyrinum — Antipyrin. 

(Syn. — Phenazone, Methozine, Analgesine, Dimethyl- 

phenylpy razolon. ) 

A synthetical base, which forms salts analogous to 
the ammonia compounds, and is a product of the de- 
structive distillation of coal tar. It may also be 
prepared synthetically. It occurs as a whitish, crys- 
talline, odorless powder, which combines with acids 
to form salts; slightly bitter taste, soluble in its own 
weight of water, in alcohol, and chloroform, but not 
so readily soluble in ether. It is best given alone, as 
it is incompatible with many drugs, the more impor- 
tant of which are tannic and prussic acids, chloral hy- 
drate, preparations of cinchona bark, ferric salts in so- 
lution, infusions and tinctures containing tannin and 
quinine, tincture of iodine, and corrosive sublimate. 

In action it is a powerful antipyretic, antirheu- 
matic, antineuralgic, antiseptic, and haemostatic. 
Large doses are apt to irritate the gastro-intestinal 
mucous membranes, and in the dog to cause vomit- 



AKTIZTMOTICS, ANTIPYRETICS, AHTIPERIODICS. 161 

ing. This may be avoided by giving the drug in 
aerated water. It is rapidly absorbed and but slowly 
eliminated, which last process is carried on chiefly by 
the kidneys. It does not lower the body tempera- 
ture in health, but has great power to do so in ab- 
normal body temperature, whether given internally, 
subcutaneously, or intratracheally. Its effects as a 
febrifuge are due to diminished heat-production. 
Occasionally it will produce a profuse perspiration, 
vertigo, collapse, and in the dog at times a rash re- 
sembling that of measles. Antipyrine may be given 
in all febrile and inflammatory diseases, influenza, 
acute muscular and articular rheumatism, and dia- 
betes insipidus, in doses for the horse of 3 i.-iv. ; for 
the dog, gr. v.-xx. Externally — it is employed in 
five- to ten-per-cent. solutions as a haemostatic ; sub- 
cutaneous injections of the drug are used to relieve 
pain and nervous irritability in the treatment of colic 
(dose about one-third of that per os). 

ACETANILIDUM — ACETANILID. 

(Known also as Phenyl Acetamide, Antifebrin [a 
trade name].) 

Acetanilid is obtained by the reaction of glacial 
acetic acid on anilin. It occurs as colorless or whit- 
ish, shining, odorless crystals, having a slightly 
burning taste and a neutral reaction. Soluble in 190 
parts of cold water, in 18 parts of boiling water, and 
in 3-J- parts of alcohol ; also soluble in chloroform and 
ether. Dose: H., 3 i.-ij. ; D., gr. v.-xv. 
11 



162 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDlCA. 

Physiological Action. — Acetanilid is a power- 
ful antipyretic, analgesic, and antispasmodic, anti- 
rheumatic, antineuralgic, diaphoretic, and slight 
antiseptic. Its action somewhat resembles that of 
antipyrine, but while this is manifested more slowly 
it continues for a much longer period — i.e., about six 
hours. It is a cerebral, muscular, and vasomotor 
stimulant, and leaves no ill after-effects, such as some- 
times follow the administration of antipyrine. 

Therapeutics. — It is used in the same diseases 
in which antipyrine is administered, and also exter- 
nally as an antiseptic to wounds slow in healing. 

Carbolic Acid — Phenol. 

Carbolic acid — C 6 H 5 HO or C 6 H 6 — also known as 
phenyl hydrate, phenyl alcohol, phenic acid, and 
phenol, was discovered in 1848 by Runge, and is ob- 
tained from coal tar by fractional distillation and 
subsequently purified. It occurs as colorless, inter- 
laced, needle-shaped crystals, sometimes acquiring a 
pinkish tint, deliquescent on exposure, having a dis- 
tinctive, slightly aromatic odor, resembling creosote; 
when diluted a sweetish taste, with a slightly burn- 
ing after-taste and a neutral reaction. It produces a 
benumbing, blanching, and caustic effect upon the 
skin, coagulates albumen (difference from Creosote, 
U. S. P.), is soluble in 20 parts of water, very solu- 
ble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, glycerin, fixed and 
volatile oils. 

Acidum Oarbolicum Purum Lique factum, pure 



ANTIZYMOTICS, ANTIPYRETICS, ANTIPEMODICS. 163 

carbolic acid liquefied. Is given internally in doses 
of: EL, TT[x.-xl. ; D., TTiss.-ij. Always well diluted 
in glycerin or oil, or in bolus. 

Acidum Carbolicum Crudum, crude carbolic 
acid. Consists of various constituents of coal tar, 
chiefly cresol and phenol, and is also obtained by 
fractional distillation. Used only as a disinfectant 
and deodorant. 

Preparations. — Unguentum Acidi Carbolici 
(ten per cent.), ointment of carbolic acid. Used 
locally. 

Glycerinum Acidi Carbolici, glycerine of carbolic 
acid, 1 to 4 of glycerin. 

Liquor Acidi Carbolici, solution of carbolic acid. 
For local use in antiseptic surgery, of various propor- 
tions in water; two and a half per cent, for sponges, 
hands, etc. ; five per cent, as a spray. 

Oleum Carbolizatum, carbolized oil. Used local- 
ly, contains of carbolic acid 1 part and cotton-seed oil 
7 parts. 

Derivatives. — Sodii Sulphoca-rbolas, sodium 
sulpho-carbolate, prepared by dissolving carbolic acid 
in an equal part of sulphuric acid, to form sulpho- 
carbolic acid, and neutralizing with barium and so- 
dium carbonates. Occurs in rhombic prisms, soluble 
in 5 parts of water. Dose: H., 3 ij.— vi. ; D., gr. v. 
-xx. Used internally as an antiseptic and antizy- 
motic, but clinical observation has failed to substan- 
tiate the high claims made for it some years ago. 

Salol, phenyl salicylate, the salicylic ether of 
phenyl (see under Salicylic Acid), combines the ac- 



164 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDIC A. 

tions of the drugs from which it is derived, and is at 
once the best and safest manner of administering car- 
bolic acid internally. 

Cainpho-Phenique, a saturated solution of cam- 
phor in liquefied carbolic acid, is a most excellent 
antiseptic, especially adapted to local use. It is 
markedly anaesthetic and anodyne, and can be ap- 
plied pure or diluted with oil or glycerin to the most 
painful and sensitive wound or burn. 

Physiological Action.— Carbolic acid is the 
best known and most commonly used disinfectant and 
antiseptic, although not the most active. It is an 
antiferment, a deodorizer, and prevents the decomposi- 
tion of albuminous fluids by bacteria. Applied locally 
it is a styptic, anaesthetic, and superficially escharotic, 
coagulating the albumin of the part ; it is powerfully 
poisonous to the tissues, and when applied directly to 
muscle or nerve paralyzes these at once without pre- 
vious stimulation. When given undiluted and in 
large doses carbolic acid causes violent gastroenter- 
itis with vomiting and purging, followed by collapse, 
delirium, and often convulsions and death. After 
absorption it acts by selection upon the medulla, es- 
pecially upon the respiratory and vasomotor centres 
therein, which it first briefly stimulates and then 
completely paralyzes. It stimulates cardiac inhibi- 
tion, first slowing the heart, then depressing, and 
finally paralyzing it. Respiration, at first increased, 
is soon depressed, the pupils become contracted, the 
brain and spinal cord are directly affected ; stupor, 
coma, suspended reflexes, impaired motility and sen- 



ANTIZYMOTICS, ANTIPYRETICS, ANTIPERIODICS. 165 

sibility are produced. It is rapidly absorbed and also 
rapidly diffused, and fatal cases have occurred from 
its local use in full strength. The dog and cat are 
especially sensitive to carbolic acid ; hence it must be 
very carefully used on these animals. It is partly 
oxidized in the body and partly eliminated by the 
lungs, skin, and kidneys, imparting to the urine an 
olive-brown color, and giving this excretion the power 
of resisting putrefaction for a considerable time. 
Death from a medium dose occurs by paralysis of res- 
piration; from a large dose by paralysis of the heart. 
The blood after death is very dark in color and almost 
non-coagulable. 

Antidotes and Antagonists. — Magnesium or so- 
dium sulphate in large doses at once to form a sul- 
phocarbolate ; aqua calcis in copious doses, but is 
not so efficient as the sulphates ; atropine is a com- 
plete physiological antagonist, maintaining the heart 
and respiration. Vegetable demulcents — as oatmeal 
gruel, linseed tea, etc. (but no oils or glycerin) — to 
protect the mucous surfaces. 

Therapeutics. — As an antiseptic carbolic acid 
may be applied in surgery and in the treatment of 
wounds of all kinds, excepting those of the eye. As 
a wash in footrot among sheep, fistulse, burns, scalds, 
injuries of vagina or uterus, resulting from parturi- 
tion, leucorrhceal and other discharges. Internally 
— in Texas fever, anthrax, foot-and-mouth diseases 
catarrhal influenza of horses, strangles, typhoid com- 
plaints. As a mouth-wash in stomatitis and glossi- 
tis ; as an intratracheal injection in calves suffering 



166 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

from stranguli (usually combined with oil of turpen- 
tine). Externally — as an ointment in grease, scratch- 
es, eczema, scab, mange, and to destroy lice and fleas. 
The crude acid is used as a disinfectant and deodorant 
in stables, kennels, etc. 

Acidum Salicylicum— Salicylic Acid. 

Acidum Salicylicum, Salicylic Acid,' an organic 
acid, which was originally prepared from salicin, a 
crystalline glucoside obtained from several species of 
salix (willow) and populus (poplar) . Salicylic acid is 
now prepared synthetically from carbolic acid by the 
reaction of sodium and carbonic anhydride. It occurs 
in fine, white, light, prismatic, needle-shaped crystals, 
permanent in the air, free from odor of carbolic acid, 
but sometimes having a slight, aromatic odor, of a 
sweetish and slightly acrid taste and an acid reaction. 
Soluble in 450 parts of water and in 2.5 parts of al- 
cohol, in 2 parts of ether, and in 80 parts of chloro- 
form. Dose: H., 3ij.-vi.; D., gr. v.-xv. 

Preparations. — Sodii Salicylas, sodium salicy- 
late. Small, white, crystalline plates, or a crystalline 
powder, permanent in the air, odorless, having a 
sweetish, saline, and mildly alkaline taste and a 
feebly acid reaction. Soluble in 1.5 parts of water 
and in 6 parts of alcohol. 

Lithii Salicylas, lithium salicylate. A white 
powder, deliquescent on exposure to air, odorless or 
nearly so, having a sweetish taste and a faintly acid 
reaction. Yery soluble in water and in alcohol. 

Salol, salicylate of phenyl. A fine, crystalline, 



ANTIZYMOTICS, ANTIPYRETICS, ANTIPERIODICS. 167 

white powder, having an aromatic odor and insipid 
taste. Soluble in 10 parts of alcohol; also in chloro- 
form, ether, and fixed oils; almost insoluble in water. 
When heated with an alkali, salol splits up into sali- 
cylic acid 60 parts, and carbolic acid 40 parts. 

The doses of these three preparations of salicylic 
acid are: H., 3iv.-fi.; D., gr. v.- 3 ss. 

Physiological Action.— Salicylic acid is an an- 
tipyretic, antiseptic, antiperiodic, antirheumatic, and 
antiferment. Small doses stimulate the stomach, 
heart, and respiration. Large doses cause gastric 
derangement, nausea, vomiting, and sometimes diar- 
rhoea in all animals ; depress the heart and respira- 
tion, lower arterial tension, and reduce temperature 
in fever. Continued large doses cause symptoms 
resembling cinchonism (see Quinine). Toxic doses 
produce death by paralysis of respiration. It does 
not stimulate the flow of bile, but renders this secre- 
tion more watery, and is excreted by the skin, sali- 
vary glands, and kidneys, the latter organs being 
sometimes so irritated by the drug as to cause albumi- 
nuria. Sodium salicylate, although much resembling 
salicylic acid in action, is devoid of the antiseptic 
properties of the latter. It is also a diaphoretic and 
cholagogue, being supposed to possess the property of 
increasing the fluidity of the bile, at the same time 
promoting the secretion of the latter, while other 
cholagogues increase the proportion of solids in the 
bile. The corresponding lithium salt closely resem- 
bles this, but has more power over excretion. 

Salol is antiseptic, analgesic, a good antipyretic, 



168 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

diaphoretic, and antiferment, of more potency than 
either of its constituents ; is not so toxic, nor so irri- 
tant and depressant. It is also sedative to the cere- 
bro-spinal system. 

Therapeutics. — Salicylic acid is employed in 
acute catarrhal conditions of the respiratory appara- 
tus, in influenza, rheumatism, purpura, peritonitis, in 
fevers, especially of the septicemic kind; as an anti- 
ferment in colic, tympanites, etc., in the horse, cattle, 
and sheep. Externally — in eczema, parasitic skin 
affections, to gangrenous wounds, etc. 

Sodium and lithium salicylate — for the same pur- 
poses as the acid, but are preferable in rheumatic dis- 
orders. 

Salol, besides the uses already mentioned, is one of 
the best disinfectants for the gut, being an efficient 
remedy for duodenal catarrh, vesical catarrh, etc., 
and as an antiseptic for the urinary apparatus. As a 
febrifuge it supersedes salicylic acid and its other 
preparations. It is much employed in infectious 
diarrhoea in calves, sheep, and dogs. 

Thymol and Menthol. 

Thymol — C 10 H u O — is a phenol contained, in oil of 
thyme and in the volatile oils of several other plants. 
It occurs as large hexagonal crystals, nearly or quite 
colorless, having an aromatic, thyme-like odor, a 
pungent, aromatic taste, with a very slight caustic 
effect upon the lips, and a neutral reaction. Soluble 
in 1,200 parts of water and in 1 part of alcohol; also 
in ether, chloroform, glacial acetic acid, fixed and 



ANTIZYMOTTCS, ANTIPYRETICS, ANTIPERIODICS. 169 

volatile oils. It liquefies when triturated with equal 
quantities of camphor, menthol, or chloral. 

Thymol resembles both carbolic acid and oil of tur- 
pentine in its action, being a powerful antiseptic and 
germicide like the former, and like the latter an irri- 
tant to the organs of elimination and a paralyzant. 
Toxic doses, when absorbed, paralyze the nerve cen- 
tres in the spinal cord and medulla from the first, 
with no preliminary stimulation — slowing respira- 
tion, lowering arterial tension and body-temperature, 
as well as lessening reflex excitability. It is elimi- 
nated by the kidneys and respiratory organs, causing 
more or less irritation at the points of elimination. 
Autopsies on animals poisoned by it show fatty de- 
generation of the liver (as with phosphorus), and 
great congestion of the bronchial and pulmonary mu- 
cous membranes and of the kidneys. 

Thymol is emploj'ed as an antiseptic application to 
wounds and skin diseases, and as a spray or inhala- 
tion in chronic affections of the lungs and bronchi. 
It has considerable repute in vesical catarrh. Dose: 
H., gr. x.-xxx. ; D., gr. ss.-v. 

Menthol, peppermint camphor — C 10 H 19 OH — is a 
stearopten, isomeric with thymol, and is obtained 
from oil of peppermint by deposit on exposure to cold. 
It occurs in colorless crystals or masses, having the 
characteristic taste and odor of peppermint oil. 
Soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform, but only 
sparingly soluble in water. Dose : H., gr.xv.- 3 ss. ; 
D., gr. ss.-iij. 

Oleum Menthce Pijperitce, oil of peppermint, is the 



170 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

volatile oil obtained by distillation from the fresh 
herb, and contains menthol and a liquid terpene. 
Dose: H., fl. 3 ss.-i. ; D., miij.-v. 

Aqua Menthce Piperitce, peppermint water, con- 
taining one drop of the oil to the fluidounce of water. 
Used as a vehicle, chiefly in canine practice. 

Spiritus Menthce Piper itce, essence of peppermint 
(containing ten per cent, of the oil and one per cent, 
of the powdered herb). Dose: EL, fl. 1 ss.-i. ; D., 
TT[xv.-3i. 

Menthol is a local vascular stimulant when applied 
to the skin, a local anaesthetic and parasticide, and is 
non-corrosive. Internally — • carminative, antispas- 
modic, and somewhat antifermentative. It stimu- 
lates the secretory nerves and cardiac muscle, and 
like camphor causes a periodic increase in arterial 
tension, but does not affect the pulse rate. It in- 
creases the number of the respirations but lessens 
thedr depth. It lessens sensation and reflex sensibil- 
ity, in large doses destroying both, and paralyzing 
the cerebro-spinal system. Menthol and peppermint 
preparations are used internally as carminatives, 
antispasmodics, and stimulants, to relieve colic and 
flatulence; as corrigents to purgatives to prevent 
griping. Menthol combined with ether and chloro- 
form is much used as a local anaesthetic. 

j 
Chlorum— Chlorine. 

Chlorine — CI — is a greenish-yellow gas, belonging 
to the halogen group of elements. Some of the chlo- 
rine compounds have been already described under 



EVACUENTS. 171 

Ammonium, Potassium, Sodium, Hydrochloric Acid, 
etc. 

Chlorine is the most powerful of all the disinfec- 
tants and deodorants, an antiseptic and antiferment 
of great activity, its power being due to its affinity 
for H, decomposing all bodies which contain this ele- 
ment as a molecular constituent, forming HC1, and 
setting O free in its nascent form of ozone. Locally 
chlorine is highly irritant to the skin and mucous 
membranes. When inhaled in quantity it causes 
cough, sneezing, spasm of the glottis, and inflamma- 
tion of the respiratory mucous membranes and of the 
lungs. For actions and uses of its various com- 
pounds, see under their respective headings. 



EVACUENTS. 

This division of materia medica includes all reme- 
dies which promote some evacuation from the body 
— as the emetics, cathartics, anthelmintics, diuretics, 
etc. 

EMETICS. 

Cupri Sulphas, copper sulphate. See under Cop- 
per. 

Zinci Sulphas, zinc sulphate. See under Zinc. 

Hydrargyri Subsulphas Flavus, yellow mercuric 
subsulphate, turpeth mineral. For the dog, gr. iij.- 
v., with sugar of milk. One of the best and very 
prompt. 



172 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

Alumen, alum. See under Alum. Safe, but slow 
in action. 

Sinapis Alba, white or yellow mustard ; Sinapis 
Nigra, black mustard. See under Sinapis (topical 
agents) . 

Apomorphina, apomorphine. See under Opium. 
Very depressant and convulsant. 

Antimonii et Potassce Tartras, Tartarus Stibi- 
atus, tartrate of antimony and potassium, tartar 
emetic. Given to the dog in doses of gr. i.-iv. dis- 
solved in tepid water. 

Emetics are given to cause expulsion of foreign 
bodies from any part of the oesophageal tract or from 
the air passages, to remove or evacuate the contents 
of the stomach, and to remove an obstruction from 
the gall duct. Contra-indications for their use are — 
aneurism, atheroma, hemorrhagic diathesis, hernia, 
prolapsus uteri, and pregnancy. 

Ipecacuanha — Ipecac. 

The dried root of Cephaelis ipecacuanha, a Brazil- 
ian shrub of the natural order Rubiacese, collected 
during the first three months of the year. The shrub 
grows about three feet high ; the root has a twisted 
knotty appearance, of about the thickness of a quill, 
and is from two to four inches long. The active 
principle is contained in the outside brownish bark, 
while the inner part of the root is white and nearly 
inactive, medicinally. The powdered root is of a 
grayish-brown color, of a bitter, acrid taste, and has 



EVACUfiNTS. 173 

a faint nauseating odor. The root contains a crystal- 
line alkaloid, emetine ; a glucoside, ipecacuanhic acid ; 
also gum, starch, etc., and a trace of a volatile oil. 

Preparations. — Pulvis Ipecacuanhce, powdered 
ipecac root. Dose: H., 3ss.-ij.; D., gr. ss.-ij. ; as 
an emetic, gr. x.-xxx. 

Extractum Ipecacuanhce Fluidum, fluid extract 
of ipecac. Dose: H., fl. 3 ss.-ij.; D., TUss.-ij. ; as 
emetic, tt^xv.-xxx. 

Syrupus Ipecacuanhce, syrup of ipecac (seven per 
cent.). Dose: D., fl. 3 i.-iv. 

Pulvis Ipecacuanhce et Opii, powder of ipecac 
and opium, Dover's powder. Contains ipecac 10, 
opium 10, sugar of milk 80. Dose: H., 3i.-iij.; D., 
gr. v.-xv. 

Physiological Action and Uses.— Ipecac is a 
cholagogue, diaphoretic, expectorant, and emetic for 
dogs, cats, and pigs. Full doses, sufficient to cause 
emesis, when given to animals which do not vomit, 
produce an increased amount of bronchial secretion; 
hence are given in catarrh and bronchitis when 
cough is " hard and fast." The powder when inhaled 
causes sneezing, and is sometimes used as a sternu- 
tatory. Medicinal doses increase all the mucous se- 
cretions, the hepatic secretions, and the sweat glands. 
Continued use begets tolerance. Small doses act as a 
stomachic tonic and stimulant to the gastric secre- 
tions. As a diaphoretic the Dover's powder is much 
used in rheumatism, diarrhoea, and dysentery, in the 
latter troubles being given in large doses up to toler- 
ance. As an expectorant in bronchitis, spasmodic 



174 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

cough, and other affections of the respiratory appa- 
ratus. In hepatic congestion, jaundice, etc., with 
calomel and aloes. As an emetic to relieve the stom- 
ach in acute indigestion of the dog; in small doses to 
relieve vomiting due to nervous excitement. 

CATHARTICS. 

Cathartics are divided into laxatives, and simple, 
saline, drastic, hydragogue, and cholagogue purga- 
tives. 

Laxatives. 

Sulphur Lotum, Sulphur Prcecipitatum. See 
under Sulphur. 

Magnesii Carbonas. See under Magnesium. 

Oleum Ricini, castor oil, the fixed oil expressed 
from the seeds of Ricinus communis. The seeds con- 
tain about fifty per cent, of the oil, which is obtained 
by expression, without the aid of heat. The oil is 
purified by rest, is sometimes filtered, and even 
bleached. It is a mild laxative; becomes partly 
emulsified, and this part of it is absorbed; but the 
greater part passes on through the intestines, stimu- 
lating secretion and peristalsis without griping, and 
frequently may be detected in the faeces. It is given 
in diarrhoea and dysentery, and constipation during 
pregnancy, etc. Dose: H., 3 fl.xij.-xvi. ; D., fl. 
iss.-ij. 

Fruits, roots, green food, bran mashes, etc., also 
act as laxatives. 



CATHAKTlCg. It5 



Simple Purgatives. 



Rheum, rhubarb (Radix rhei), the dried and sliced 
root of Rheum palmatum and other rhubarb species. 
Obtained chiefly from China and Thibet. It is stom- 
achic, tonic, astringent, a mild cathartic and chola- 
gogue ; increases the secretion of bile. Small repeated 
doses improve digestion and assist to correct slight 
gastric derangement; large doses are mild cathartics 
in the dog and cat. Dose as stomachic and tonic for 
the dog, gr. x.-xx. ; as cathartic, 3 i.-iij. 

Aloe, aloes, the inspissated juice of the leaves of 
Aloe vera (Barbadoes aloes) and other aloes species. 
Contains aloin, a neutral principle common to all va- 
rieties of the plant, of which three are found in the 
market. 

1. Aloe Barbadensis, Barbadoes aloes, obtained 
from the West Indies, is of a liver-brown color, an 
opaque, earthy fracture, a persistent, disagreeably bit- 
ter taste, a strong, disagreeable odor. When breathed 
upon, it gives off an odor resembling that of the human 
axilla. It is tough and hard to pulverize, and its 
powder is a dull olive yellow and darker than that of 
the other varieties. It is almost entirely soluble in 
proof spirit. 

2. Aloe Socotrince, socotrine aloes, from East In- 
dia, Bombay, and Zanzibar. Reddish-brown pieces 
of various sizes, breaking with a smooth, resinous 
fracture. Darkens on exposure to air ; odor, although 
strong, is somewhat agreeable ; taste, very bitter. 



176 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

3. Aloe Capiensis, Cape aloes, from Cape Town, 
Natal, etc. The better qualities are equal almost to 
the Barbadoes and socotrine aloes, but give less wa- 
tery discharges, and the action does not continue for 
so long a time. Olive-green, resinous appearance; 
strong, disagreeable, sour odor; bitter taste. The 
pieces are very brittle, are easily powdered, and the 
powder has the appearance of chrome j T ellow or gam- 
boge. 

Physiological Action. — Aloes is chiefly a pur, 
gative, stimulant, and bitter tonic ; also anthelmintic. 
Externally — a stimulant and desiccant. When giv- 
en internally aloes is dissolved by the gastric juice, 
saponified by the pancreatic juice and bile, enters the 
circulation, and communicates its bitterness and pur- 
gative qualities to milk and other secretions. It is 
excreted by the intestinal glandular apparatus and 
kidneys. Large doses cause hyperemia of the uterus, 
kidneys, and other pelvic organs. It increases peri- 
stalsis, also the amount of secretion in the intestines ; 
but its action is confined chiefly to the large gut. 
The secretion of bile is also stimulated. It requires 
from twelve to twenty-four hours to operate. It is 
the most suitable purgative for the equine species, 
and should be given in bolus or drench, the latter act- 
ing somewhat more rapidly. When given to cattle 
it is usually more active when conjoined with sa- 
lines. 

Therapeutics. — Aloes is given in small doses as 
a bitter tonic in dyspepsia, irregularity of the bowel ; 
as a purgative in constipation; in torpidity of the 



CATHARTTCS. 177 

bowel and habitual constipation — combined with nux 
vomica ; in enfeebled and relaxed conditions of the 
alimentary canal — combined with iron and in small 
doses; in spasmodic and flatulent colic — with ano- 
dynes and carminatives; in acute indigestion, to 
carry off the contents of the stomach and intestines ; 
in azoturia in very large doses, usually as a drench, 
with other depletives; in lymphangitis — combined 
with digitalis; as an anthelmintic — combined with 
santonin, ether, oil of male fern, oil of turpentine, 
etc. ; in torpidity of the liver — with calomel. Asa 
purgative for the horse, in order to insure a free ac- 
tion, the animal should be first prepared with bran 
mashes for two meals ; an hour or two after the last 
mash the ball should be given, and ten to twelve 
hours later the animal should be walked about for a 
short time. A very good and efficient bolus is com- 
posed of Aloes 3vi., fluid extract belladonna 3i., 
powdered capsicum 3i., powdered nux vomica 3 i. 
The ingredients may be increased in dose to suit the 
requirements of any particular case. Aloes should 
not be given if the alimentary canal is seriously in- 
flamed or irritated ; nor in severe respiratory diseases, 
pregnancy, hernia, rectal hemorrhage, or prolapsus 
ani. A purgative dose of aloes should not be repeated 
until at least thirty-six hours after the first has been 
given, as superpurgation is readily induced. Dose : 
as a purgative, H., Jss.-i..; C, fi.-iij.; D., gr. 
xx.- 3 i. ; as a tonic, one-sixth to one-eighth of these 
doses suffice. 

Aloes has been used externally as tinctura aloes et 
12 



178 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

myrrhse, a stimulant to wounds, etc. The powder is 
mixed with plaster of Paris when applying the latter 
to fractured limbs of dogs, etc., to prevent these ani- 
mals from tearing off their bandages. 

Oleum Lini Seminis, linseed or flaxseed oil, the 
fixed oil expressed from the seeds of Linum usitatissi- 
mum, without heat (see also under oils and fats). A 
yellowish, oily liquid, having a slight, peculiar odor, 
a bland taste, and a neutral reaction. When ex- 
posed to air it gradually thickens, acquires a strong 
odor and taste, and finally solidifies. Specific gravity 
about 0.936. It is soluble in 5 parts of absolute al- 
cohol and in 1.5 parts of ether. The oil is given as 
a cathartic to all animals, and as it acts without 
griping is especially useful in irritable and inflamed 
conditions of the alimentary canal and urinary ap- 
paratus, and when the use of other and more active 
purgatives is excluded. For cattle it is combined 
with oleum tiglii to increase its activity. Small 
doses are given with mashes as a food to animals 
recovering from exhausting diseases. Laxative ene- 
mata are composed of the oil with a small quantity 
of turpentine. Dose: EL, O ss.-i. ; D., fl. 3 i.-ij. 

Oleum Bicini, castor oil. In large doses is quite 
active, particularly in the dog. 

The Buckthorns include: Buckthorn berries — of 
the Rhamnus catharticus or purging buckthorn; 
buckthorn bark — of the Rhamnus frangula or black 
alder ; and the dried bark of the Rhamnus purshiana, 
Cascara sagrada (chittem or sacred bark), some- 
times known as California buckthorn. 



CATHAR.TI@S. 179 

They are all cathartics for the dog and cat, but are 
not so active in the larger animals. The cascara sa- 
grada is particularly useful in the habitual constipa- 
tion of house-raised and pampered animals. The 
fluid extract of the first two is frequently combined 
with ammonia muriate and given to horses suffering 
from congested and inactive liver, after having first 
given an aloes purge. Dose of the fluid extract of any 
of the Buckthorns: H., fl. § ss.-ij. ; D., 3 ss.-ij. 

Saline Purgatives. 

Magnesii Carbonas, carbonate of magnesium. 
Light, white friable masses, or a light, white pow- 
der, odorless and tasteless. Insoluble in alcohol, and 
almost insoluble in water, to which it imparts a fee- 
bly alkaline reaction ; soluble in dilute HC1 with co- 
pious effervescence. Dose: D., gr. v.-xxx. 

Pulvis Magnesii cum Eheo, Pulvis Ehei Com- 
positus, rhubarb and magnesia, or compound pow- 
der of rhubarb. Contains rhubarb 25, magnesia 65, 
and ginger 10. Dose: D., gr. x.-xxx. 

Magnesii Sulphas, sulphate of magnesia, Epsom 
salt. Found in various rocks, soil, in sea-water, and 
some mineral springs (it is named after the mineral 
springs of Epsom). Small, colorless, right-rhombic 
prisms, or acicular needles, slowly efflorescent in dry 
air, odorless, having a cooling, saline, and bitter 
taste and a neutral reaction. Soluble in 0.8 part of 
water, insoluble in alcohol. Somewhat resembles sul- 
phate of zinc and also oxalic acid. It is distinguished 



180 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

from the zinc compound by its taste, absence of me- 
tallic astringency, and by its neutral solution, giving 
no precipitate with hydrogen sulphide; distinguished 
from oxalic acid by its finer and more needle-shaped 
crystals, its bitter taste, its lack of acid reaction, and 
its property of precipitating alkaline carbonates with- 
out effervescence. Dose: cathartic, H., lb. ss.-i. ; 
C, lb. i.-iss. ; D., 3 ij.— iv. Asa febrifuge and al- 
terative, one-eighth to one-fifth of these doses suffice. 
Its activity as a purgative may be somewhat in- 
creased by the addition of diluted sulphuric acid. 

The magnesia salts are n on -poisonous; when given 
internally they are slowly absorbed. The carbonate 
is used as a laxative and antacid. Its laxative prop- 
erties are somewhat increased when the contents of 
the intestine and stomach are acid ; hence it is given 
to calves and foals suffering from acidity and flatu- 
lence ; also to dogs and cats. The sulphate is purga- 
tive, alterative, febrifuge, and also slightly diapho- 
retic and diuretic, being excreted by the kidneys and 
skin. For ruminants it is a good purgative, but on 
the horse its action is rather uncertain. It is admin- 
istered in indigestion, constipation, etc., and is usu- 
ally given with some carminatives; as a febrifuge to 
horses affected with influenza, pneumonia, and other 
febrile disorders, when there is any tendency to con- 
stipation ; also as an antidote in lead-poisoning. 

Potassii Bitartras, potassium bitartrate, cream 
of tartar. Colorless or slightly opaque, rhombic crys- 
tals, or a white, somewhat gritty powder, permanent 
in the air, odorless, having a pleasant, acidulous 



CATHARTICS. 181 

taste and an acid reaction. Soluble in 210 parts of 
water, slightly soluble in alcohol. In action some- 
what resembles the acetate and nitrate of potassium. 
In small doses it is diuretic, and larger doses purga- 
tive. Dose: H., ^iv.-viij.; D., 3 i.-iv. 

Sodii Sulphas, sulphate of sodium, Glauber's salt. 
See under Sodium. 

Drastic Purgatives. 

Jalapa, jalap, the tuberous root of Ipomoea jal- 
apa, a Mexican plant, of the natural order Convolvu- 
lacese. Contains fifteen to twenty per cent, of the 
official resin, which is composed of two resins — jala- 
pin and convolvulin — the latter being the more active 
of the two. It is a hydragogue cathartic, a vermi- 
fuge, and cholagogue. It is neither so powerful nor 
so irritant as gamboge, colocynth, or elaterium. Its 
cathartic action upon horses and cattle is very slight, 
two ounces having been given to the horse with but 
a gentle cathartic effect, but marked diuresis. For 
dogs and pigs it is a good purgative, although at 
times causing nausea and vomiting. Dose: D., 
3 ss.-ij., of the powdered root. 

Oleum Tiglii, oleum crotonis, croton oil. A fixed 
oil obtained by expression from the seeds of Croton 
tiglium, an East Indian tree. The seeds contain 
about fifty per cent, of the oil, which is of a brown- 
ish-yellow color, somewhat viscid, and slightly fluor- 
escent; a slight, fatty odor, a mild, oily, afterward 
acrid and burning taste, and a slightly acid reaction. 



182 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDIC A. 

Specific gravity, 0.940 to 0.955. When fresh it is 
soluble in about 60 parts of alcohol, the solubility and 
therapeutic activity increasing with age. It is freely 
soluble in ether, chloroform, and other oils. Contains 
several fatty and volatile acids, one of which is known 
as tiglinic acid. Dose: H., TTixv.-xxx. ; C, fl. 3 ss.- 
i.; D., mi.-iij. 

Croton oil is a drastic purgative, producing copious 
watery evacuations. It is somewhat too irritant for 
general use on the horse, and is more often employed 
in cattle practice, since it acts quicker than aloes. 
Large doses act as a corrosive poison. Externally it 
is a powerful irritant, causing a special vesicular 
eruption, which gradually becomes pustular. On 
account of its liability of leaving a permanent blem- 
ish, it is but little used externally. On the dog and 
pig its purgative qualities are not accompanied by as 
much irritation as with the horse. 

Gambogia, gamboge, gum gutti, a gum resin ob- 
tained from Garcinia hanburii, a medium-sized tropi- 
cal tree of Siam, Burmah, and Ceylon. It is a very 
powerful irritant and drastic, hydragogue cathartic, 
given chiefly to cattle in obstinate constipation, brain 
diseases, parturient apoplexy, etc., and is second only 
to croton oil for activity. It is usually conjoined in 
smaller doses with other cathartics — as Epsom or 
Glauber's salt. Dose: C, ? ss.-i. ; S., gr. xx.-xxx. 

Eserince Salicylas, Chrysostigmince Salicylas. — 
See under Calabar Bean. 

Barii Chloridum, barium chloride — (BaCl 2 + 
2H 2 0) — colorless, flat, four-sided crystals, of a bitter, 



CATHARTICS. 183 

salty taste. Soluble in 2-g- parts of water, almost in- 
soluble in alcohol. Used as a cardiac tonic and al- 
terative in weakened heart's action. Externally — as 
collyrium in conjunctivitis and wound dressing; \ to 
2 parts to 100 of water. Professor Dieckerhoff 's re- 
cent experiments on horses, cattle, and sheep show 
that it is a powerful and rapid purgative, but which 
must be cautiously employed since clinical experience 
and observation of its actions are still incomplete. It 
is said not seriously to affect either respiration or 
circulation when given in doses large enough to cause 
catharsis. The impure chloride of barium has loug 
been used as a "rat poison." Dose: H., 3ss.-iij., 
per os; if intravenously, gr. v.-xx., dissolved in dis- 
tilled water. N.B. : Intravenous injections require 
great care ! 

Cholagogue Purgatives. 

Podophyllum, May-apple, the rhizome and rootlets 
of Podophyllum peltatum or mandrake (natural order 
Berberidese) . Its active principle is: 

Resina Podophylli, resin of podophyllum. Dose: 
H., 3i.-ij.; D., gr. ss.-ij. 

On horses and cattle its cathartic action is inferior 
to that of other purgatives, but its cholagogue effects 
are undoubted ; anthelmintic properties are also at- 
tributed to it, and in the dog it sometimes causes 
nausea and vomiting. 

Hydrargyri Chloridum Mite, calomel; Hydrar- 
gyrum cum creta, gray powder; Massa Hydrar- 
gyri, blue mass. See under Hydrargyrum. 



184 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDTCA. 



ANTHELMINTICS. 

Santonica, Levant wormseed, the unexpanded 
flower-heads of Artemisia pauciflora. Contains san- 
tonin, a crystalline neutral principle. 

Santonin-urn, santonin. Colorless, shining, flat- 
tened, prismatic crystals, permanent in air, but turn- 
ing yellow on exposure to light; odorless and nearly 
tasteless when first placed in the mouth, but afterward 
bitter and having a neutral reaction. Nearly insol- 
uble in cold water, soluble in 40 parts of alcohol, in 
160 parts of ether, in 4 parts of chloroform, and in 
solutions of the alkalies. The alcoholic and ethereal 
solutions have an intensely bitter taste. It should be 
kept in dark, amber-colored phials, and protected from 
light. Dose: H., gr. xv.-xl. ; D., gr. ij.-iv. Large 
doses cause giddiness, vomiting, and convulsions in 
dogs; medicinal doses are destructive to round- and 
threadworms, particularly in the dog, the horse being 
not so much affected. It imparts a blood-red color 
to the urine. 

Arecce Semina, seeds of Areca catechu, areca nut, 
Betel nut; natural order Palmaceae. The tree is a 
native of Asia, and the nut or seed contains an active 
alkaloid — arecoline. 

Pulvis Arecce Seminis, powdered areca nut, is an 
active vermifuge, destructive alike to tape- and round- 
worms, and is most effectual in the dog. Must be 
given with a cathartic, as it has some astringent 
properties. Dose: H., 3 iv.-vi. ; D., gr. xv.-3ij. 



ANTHELMINTICS. 185 

(Two grains may be given for each pound of the ani- 
mal's weight. — May hew.) 

Chenopodium, American wormseed, the fruit of 
Chenopodium ambrosiodes. 

Oleum Chenopodii, oil of wormseed. A volatile 
oil, obtained from the American wormseed; destruc- 
tive to roundworms. Dose: D., it[v.-xv., thrice 
daily, followed by a cathartic. 

Aspidium, filix mas, male fern. The rhizome of 
Dryopteris filix mas and Dryopteris margin alis. 
Contains filicic acid, a green, fatty oil, a volatile oil, 
etc. 

Oleoresina Aspidii, oleoresin of male fern, extract 
of male fern. Dose : H. and C, fl. 3 ij.-viij. ; D. and 
C, TTtx.-fl. 3 i. ; Sheep and Pigs, fl. 3 i.-ij. The most 
efficient remedy for tapeworm in all of the domesti- 
cated animals; should be given with a purgative. 
Large doses are gastro-intestinal irritants. 

Oleum Terebinthince, oil of turpentine. See under 
Turpentine. 

The anthelmintics used against the ascarides 
(roundworms) are : For horses and cattle — aloes, oil of 
turpentine, bitters, creolin, calx sulphurata, ferric 
chloride in solution, copper sulphate, arsenic, sulphur, 
salt in manger ; for dogs and cats — santonin, worm- 
seed, oil of male fern, followed by a laxative. 

Against the oxyures (threadworms) — enemata of 
alum, aqua calcis, carbolic acid, vinegar, turpentine, 
sodium chloride, sulphur, and soft soap. 

Against strongyli: In the digestive tract — oil of 
turpentine, decoction of aloes, and cathartics; in the 



186 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

air passages — intratracheal injections of oil of tur- 
pentine with carbolic acid and chloroform; sulphu- 
rous or chlorine inhalations. 

Against tapeworms : For horses and cattle — oil of 
turpentine and oil of male fern with chloroform ; fol- 
low with a cathartic. For dogs and cats — areca nut, 
chloroform, male fern, or calx sulphurata; follow 
with a cathartic. 

DIURETICS. 
Refrigerant Diuretics. 

Potassium Salts, particularly the acetate, bitar- 
trate, carbonate, and nitrate. They should be given 
largely diluted with water, as that of itself assists to 
increase diuresis. See under Potassium. 

Hydragogue Diuretics. 

Spiritus JEtheris Nitrosi, sweet spirit of nitre. 
See under Ether. 

Digitalis, foxglove. See under Digitalis. 

Strophanthus and Convallaria. See under their 
respective headings. 

Cocaine. Small doses of the hydrochlorate. See 
under Cocaine. 

Caffeine and Calomel. See under Caffeine and 
Theine, and under Mercury. 

Stimulant Diuretics. 

Buchu Folia, buchu leaves. The leaves of Baros- 
ma betelina and other species of Barosma. 



DttJKETTCS. 187 

Extractum Buchu Fluidum, fluid extract of bu- 
chu. Dose : H., fl. 3 ij.-vi. ; D., iUx.-fl. 3 ss. 

Capsicum, Cayenne pepper, the fruit of Capsi- 
cum fastigatum. Contains capsicin, a peculiar liquid 
principle; also a volatile alkaloid. 

Oleoresina Capsici, oleoresin of capsicum. Dose : 
H., mxy.-fl. 3i.; D., mi.-v. 

Extractum Capsici Fluidum, fluid extract of 
capsicum. Dose: H., fl. 3 ij.-vi. ; D., TTiv.-fl. 3 ss. 

Tinctura Capsici, tincture of capsicum (five per 
cent.). Dose: H., fl. 3 ss.-iss. ; D., TTj,xv.-fl. 3 i. 

Capsicum Pulvis, powdered capsicum. Dose: H., 
3i.-ij. ; D., gr. v.-x. 

Capsicum in properly regulated doses is stomachic, 
carminative, sialogogue, and diuretic; large doses 
are gastro-intestinal irritants. Externally it is used 
as a stimulant and counter-irritant. 

Juniperus, juniper, the fruit of Juniperus com- 
munis. Contains juniperin, a non-crystalline princi- 
ple, and a volatile oil. 

Oleum Juniperi, oil of juniper (berries). Dose: 
H., fl. 3i.-ij.; D., mv.-xx. 

The refrigerant diuretics modify rather than in- 
crease the urine, exercising a sedative action upon the 
heart and circulation. Hydragogue diuretics in- 
crease the water of the urine largely, and in general 
act by raising arterial pressure, either throughout 
the entire body or locally in the kidneys. The stim- 
ulant diuretics are largely eliminated by the kidneys, 
and act upon the entire genito-urinary mucous mem- 
brane by local irritation, which in excess causes in- 



188 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

flammation and symptoms of a violent character, as 
strangury, bloody urine, etc. , and therefore should be 
used with caution. Diuretics are employed to remove 
fluid from the tissues and cavities of the body in cases 
of dropsy ; to promote the elimination of waste pro- 
ducts and other poisons from the blood ; to maintain 
the action of the kidneys ; and to dilute the urine and 
alter morbid conditions of that excretion., 

PITCH, TAE, TURPENTINE, ETC. 

The turpentines are liquid or concrete oleoresinous 
exudations, obtained from various species of the cone- 
bearers or ConiferaB, and consist of a resin combined 
with an oily substance, known as the oil of turpen- 
tine. 

The three chief turpentines are : 

Terebinthina, turpentine, a concrete oleoresin, ob- 
tained from Pinus australis or yellow pine, and other 
species of pinus (natural order Coniferse), in yellow- 
ish, tough masses, brittle in the cold, crummy, crys- 
talline in the interior, of a terebinth in ate odor and 
taste. Dose: as stimulant, antispasmodic, and diu- 
retic, H: and C, ss.-iss. ; D., gr. | x.-xxx. ; as anthel- 
mintic, H. and C, § i.-iij. ; D., gr. xx.- 3 i. 

Terebinthina Canadensis, Canada turpentine, 
balsam of fir. A liquid oleoresin, obtained from 
Abies balsamea, the " silver fir " or " balm of Gilead," 
natural order ConiferaB. A yellowish or faintly 
greenish, transparent, viscid liquid, of an agreeable 
terebinthinate odor, and a bitterish, slightly acrid 



PITCH, TAR, TURPENTINE, ETC. 189 

taste ; slowly drying on exposure, and then forming a 
transparent mass ; completely soluble in ether, chloro- 
form, or benzol. Dose same as terebinth ina. 

Terebinthina Veneta, Venice turpentine, from the 
common larch — Larix Europcea. Is a tenacious, 
slightly opaque, thick, pale-yellow liquid, of an acrid, 
bitter taste, and a disagreeable terebinthinate odor. 
Dose same as terebinthina. 

Preparations of Turpentine. — Oleum Terebin- 
thince, oil of turpentine, commonly known as spirits 
of turpentine, a volatile oil, distilled from the differ- 
ent varieties of turpentine. A thin, colorless fluid, 
of a characteristic odor and taste, becoming stronger 
and less pleasant by age and exposure to air, and of a 
neutral or faintly acid reaction. Specific gravity 
0.855 to 0.870. Soluble in 6 parts of alcohol, miscible 
with fixed and volatile oils, dissolves resins, wax, 
sulphur, and phosphorus. Bromine and iodine act 
violently upon it, and it takes fire when in contact 
with a mixture of HN0 3 and H 2 S0 4 . 

Oleum Terebinthince Bectificatum, rectified oil of 
turpentine, is the preparation of the oil suitable for 
internal use. Dose : as stimulant and antispasmodic, 
H. and C, fl. § ss.-ij. ; D., Tiixx.-fl. 3 i. ; as diuretic, 
H. and C, fl. 3 rj.-virj. ; D., iUx.-xv. ; as cathartic 
and anthelmintic, H. and C, fl. fij., with aloes in 
solution, linseed oil, gentian, or quassia. 

Oil of turpentine must be given always diluted 
with some bland liquid, such as linseed tea or oil, 
milk, gruel, etc. 

Oleum Nigrum, black oil. Consists of oil of tur- 



190 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

pen tine ?i v -> added to linseed oil i.; to this add 
slowly H 2 S0 4 | i. This mixture must be cautiously 
prepared, as it evolves great heat. 

Derivatives of Turpentine. — Resina, resin, 
colophony. The residue left after distilling of the 
volatile oil from turpentine; it is that portion of tur- 
pentine which is fixed by oxidation. A transparent, 
amber-colored substance, hard, brittle, with a glossy 
and shallow conchoidal fracture, and having a faintly 
terebinthinate odor and taste. Specific gravity 1.070 
to 1.080. It is soluble in alcohol, ether, fixed and 
volatile oils. Dose same as terebinthina. 

Ceratum Resince, unguentum basiliconis, resin 
cerate, basilicon ointment. Composed of resin 35, 
yellow wax 15, lard 50 parts. 

Terebeneum, terebene — C 10 H 16 — is a hydrocarbon 
obtained by the oxidation of oil of turpentine by 
means of sulphuric acid. A colorless liquid, of a hot 
taste, soluble in alcohol. Dose, one-half to three- 
fourths of that of oil of turpentine. 

Analogues of Turpentine.— Pix, pitch, is a 
resinous exudation from the stems of certain trees of 
the genera Pinus (pine) and Abies (fir and spruce) . 
It may also be obtained by the evaporation of wood- 
tar. Three varieties of pitch are in general use : 

1. Pix Burgundica, Burgundy pitch, the prepared 
resinous exudation of Abies excelsa, Norway spruce, 
natural order Coniferse. Hard, brittle, opaque mass- 
es, very fusible, readily soluble in glacial acetic 
acid. 

2. Pix Canadensis, Canada or hemlock pitch, the 



PITCH, TAB, TURPENTINE, ETC. 191 

prepared resinous exudation of Abies Canadensis, 
the hemlock spruce of the United States and Canada ; 
natural order Coniferse. 

These two varieties are used chiefly in making 
plasters. 

3. Pix Liquida, tar, an empyreumatic oleoresin, 
obtained by the destructive distillation of the wood of 
Pinus pallustris and other species of Pinus, natural 
order Coniferae. A thick, viscid, semi-fluid, of a 
brownish -black color, heavier than water, transparent 
in thin layers, becoming granular and opaque by age ; 
having an acid reaction, an empyreumatic, terebin- 
thinate odor, and a sharp, empyreumatic taste. 
Slightly soluble in water, soluble in alcohol, fixed or 
volatile oils, and in solution of potassa or of soda. It 
consists of pyroligneous acid, methyl alcohol, acetic 
acid, creosote, toluine, xylene, and other hydrocar- 
bons ; also oily bodies, especially the oil of tar and 
pyrocatechin, a crystalline principle, which gives it 
its granular appearance. Dose: H., f ss.-ij. ; D., 
gr. x.-xx. 

Preparations of Tar. — Oleum Picis Liquidce, 
oil of tar. A volatile oil distilled from tar, and con- 
taining a great variety of compounds, including hy- 
drocarbons, phenols, paraffin, etc., among the phenols 
being creosote and carbolic acid. Dose: H., fl. 3 ss. 
-iv. ; D., mij.-x. 

Unguentum Picis Liquidce, tar ointment, contain- 
ing fifty per cent, of tar. 

Physiological Action of the Turpentines. 
— They are topical irritants, general stimulants, anti- 



192 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

septics, anthelmintics, and diuretics, when given in- 
ternally. They become rapidly absorbed, and are 
eliminated chiefly by the kidneys, the skin, and bron- 
chial mucous membranes, stimulating at the points 
of elimination. The oil of turpentine is the most ac- 
tive of the lot, being also expectorant, haemostatic, 
anti ferment, antiparasitic, and diaphoretic. Applied 
to the skin it is an irritant, varying in intensity with 
the manner in which it is applied ; if with severe fric- 
tion and its evaporation prevented, it may vesicate 
and produce a serious blemish. Small doses stimu- 
late the heart and respiration, while large doses are 
gastro-intestinal irritants and depressants ; toxic doses 
paralyze the nerve centres in the cerebrum, cord, and 
medulla. During the excretion of large doses the 
urinary apparatus becomes irritated and congested, 
sometimes accompanied by strangury and even hse- 
maturia. 

Tar resembles the turpentines in its action, and, as 
it contains both creosote and carbolic acid, has some 
of the qualities of these. 

Pitch is a cutaneous stimulant. 

Therapeutics of the Turpentines. — They are 
given as stimulants, diuretics, and anthelmintics, in 
combination with linseed oil in colic. The Canada 
balsam is an ingredient of flexible collodion, and is 
itself applied to wounds, particularly of the coronet. 
They are given in conjunction with camphor, extract 
of belladonna, and ammonium carbonate, in bronchi- 
tis and other pulmonary affections ; are also contained 
in many hoof ointments. 



PITCH, TAR, TURPENTINE, ETC. 193 

Resin is used as a diuretic in both horses and cat- 
tle, usually combined with saltpetre. Externally it 
is a stimulant, and as resin cerate is applied to 
wounds, sores, etc. This last preparation is much 
used as a base for blistering ointments. 

Oil of turpentine is given in indigestion, atonic 
diarrhoea, to relieve flatulence, in colic, in nasal gleet, 
catarrh, bronchitis, scarlatina, purpura, pulmonary 
hemorrhage; in cattle practice, in hoven, chronic 
diarrhoea and dysentery ; in puerperal apoplexy — with 
carbonate of ammonia; in puerperal peritonitis; also 
in post-partum hemorrhage and "red water." As an 
anthelmintic, combined with tincture of chloride of 
iron, gentian or quassia, and linseed oil, after first 
clearing the bowel by a cathartic. For destroying 
the strongylus micrurus and strongylus fllaria in the 
air passages of calves and lambs, it is injected intra- 
tracheally, together with "nix.-xx. each of carbolic 
acid, glycerin, and chloroform. It is also used as an 
antidote to phosphorus poisoning, but for this purpose 
must be old so as to contain ozone ; the new oil is use- 
less. Externally, the oil of turpentine is used as a 
counter-irritant for the horse; it does not react so 
powerfully upon the skin of cattle. It is applied to 
the abdomen in colic, enteritis, peritonitis, and other 
painful abdominal affections ; to rheumatic swellings 
of joints, to sprains and strains of tendons, etc., after 
the acute symptoms have been relieved by hot fomen- 
tation. It is also used in erysipelas, ringworm, dry 
gangrene of dogs' ears, and in foot-rot of sheep and 
cattle ; as an antiseptic to poisoned wounds, bites, and 
13 



194 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

stings. For rectal enemata (against worms, in colic, 
etc.), several ounces in one quart of starch- water or 
linseed oil. 

Turpentine vapors are prescribed in pulmonary 
affections, usually oil of turpentine, oil of tar, and 
compound tincture of benzoin, of each fl. fss., to 
each steaming. 

Black oil is a favorite application to punctures of 
the horse's foot, poisoned wounds, etc. ; also in foot- 
rot. 

Terebene is the form in which turpentine is best 
used as a stimulant expectorant, in chronic cough, 
bronchitis, and other throat and lung diseases. 

Tar and oil of tar are given in respiratory diseases 
(particularly chronic) in all animals. They are used 
externally in grease heels, eczema, scaly skin diseases, 
thrush, canker, foot-rot, etc. 



EMMENAGOGUES. 

Ferrum, iron, is used as a tonic emmenagogue. 
See under Ferrum. 

Cantharis, cantharides, Spanish fly. See under 
Cantharides. 

Quinine has considerable emmenagogue power, by 
direct action as a stimulant upon the uterus itself. 
Large doses as an ecbolic; smaller doses, frequently 
repeated, as an emmenagogue. 

Acidum Boricum, boric acid, boracic acid, boric 
anhydride. Obtained from the action of H 2 S0 4 upon 



EMMENAGOGUES. 195 

borax. Colorless, pearly, lamellar crystals, of a fee- 
bly acid reaction, a bitter taste, and a sweetish after- 
taste. Soluble in 25 parts of cold water, in 3 parts 
of boiling water, in 15 parts of alcohol, and in 5 parts 
of glycerin. It is a non- volatile antiseptic, equal in 
power almost to carbolic acid, and because of its non- 
irritant property may be frequently employed where 
other antiseptics are excluded. It is but seldom used 
internally, and then only in fermentative diarrhoea of 
young animals; occasionally as an emmenagogue. 
It is excreted by the kidneys, and hence may be used 
to exercise its antiseptic action on the urinary appar- 
atus. Conjoined with starch it is used externally as 
a disinfectant powder, or as an ointment (ten per 
cent.), or saturated solution to foul wounds, ulcers, 
burns, sores ; as a spray or gargle in sore throat, to 
check excessive salivary or pharyngeal secretion, to 
relieve the itching of erythema and eczema ; also in 
catarrhal and purulent conjunctivitis. Lint and cot- 
ton are sometimes rendered antiseptic by it. See 
also "Borax," under Sodium. Dose: H. and C, 
3ij.-v. ; D., gr. v.-xx. 

Boroglyceride, made by heating 92 parts of gly- 
cerin with 62 parts of boric acid, is used as an anti- 
septic dressing for wounds, etc., same as boric 
acid. 

Strychnia, strychnine. See under Nux Vomica. 

Purgatives, particularly aloes, croton oil, etc., act 
by determining the blood to the pelvic viscera. 

Sinapis, mustard, in poultices to lumbar and pel- 
vic region. 



196 VETERINAKY MATERIA MEDICA. 



TOPICAL AGENTS. 

Rubefacients, Vesicants, and Pustulants. 

Sinapis, Mustard (syn. — Semen Erucse). The 
seeds of Sinapis alba — English or yellow mustard; 
and of Sinapis nigra — black or German mustard; 
natural order Cruciferse. Are annual plants. Differ- 
ent varieties grow wild in Europe and North Amer- 
ica, and are frequently used to adulterate the better 
sorts. 

Composition of Mustard. 

f Acrinyl sulphocyanate is the 

re f Sinalbin I rubefacient principle, pro- 

£ I I Myrosin, a ferment, i duced by reaction between 
'< § I j these two in the presence of 

.2 '3 -{ I water. 

§< "S Sinapine, an alkaloid. 
.g § I A bland, fixed oil. 
go [ Erucic or brassic acid. 



a 

S3 a 

.2*3 



m 



Sinigrin (potassium f A ^ sulphocyanide, the vola- 

m ° mT1 JS J tile oil of mustard, produced 

Myrbta a ferment: %™^Z ° f f ^L tw0 in 

J 1^ the presence or water. 

Sinapine, an alkaloid. 
A bland, fixed oil. 
^ Erucic or brassic acid. 



Mustard is^used internally as a stomachic, carmi- 
native, stimulant, and emetic; slightly diuretic and 
laxative. Large doses are irritant. Externally as 
a rubefacient, vesicant, and suppurant. If mustard 
paste is rubbed upon the skin of a horse it causes 
redness, heat, tenderness, and some swelling in about 
twenty minutes. If allowed to remain on, vesication 



TOPICAL AGENTS. 197 

occurs in from two to six hours, and later these vesi- 
cles rupture and coalesce. If pure mustard has been 
used pustules may form, causing a sloughing of the 
skin and destruction of the hair roots. Mustard acts 
more promptly than cantharides, but its effects are 
not so permanent. It is the most suitable blister for 
cattle, but should not be used full strength for the dog 
or sheep. Mustard is used in catarrh, sore throat, 
laryngitis and pharyngitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, 
pleurisy, indigestion, colic, chronic rheumatic affec- 
tions of the joints in cattle. In parturient apoplexy 
in the cow; sometimes applied over the kidneys to 
promote diuresis by counter-irritation. Its effects 
may be increased by adding a small amount of tur- 
pentine. The volatile oil of mustard is sometimes 
used to sharpen liniments, but must be cautiously 
used, not only on account of its great activity, but 
also because of its toxic properties. 

Pulvis Sinapis Seminis, powdered mustard seed. 
Dose: H. and C, 3 ijs-vi. ; D., gr. x.-xx. ; as an 
emetic, gr. xxx.- 3 i., in warm water. 

Fix Liquida and Oleum Picis Liqiiidce. See 
under Turpentines, etc. 

Camphora. See under Camphor. 

Terebinthina. See under Turpentine. 

Capsicum. See under Capsicum. 

Cantharis, cantharides, Spanish fly. The dried 
insect, Cantharis vesicatoria, found in southern Eu- 
rope. The insect has a predilection for lilac, ash, 
elder, honeysuckle, and rose bushes. It is gathered 
during the months of May and June, being destroyed 



198 YETERINARY MATERIA MEDIC A. 

at night by turpentine fumes. The flies are six to 
ten lines in length, two to three lines broad, and 
weigh one and one-half to two grains. The parts of 
their greenish, bronze-like wings are discernible in 
the powdered drug. Cantharides may be extracted 
by maceration in alcohol, ether, acetic acid, fixed and 
volatile oils. Its active principle — cantharidin — of 
which it contains about two per cent., occurs as col- 
orless scales or crystals, insoluble in H 2 0, but soluble 
in alcohol, ether, acetic acid, chloroform, and oils. 
The activity of Spanish fly is impaired by age. It 
must be kept in well-stoppered bottles. 

Physiological Actions. — Cantharides is a pow- 
erful irritant, and produces its effect upon any part 
of the animal organism with which the free can- 
tharidin is brought in contact. Externally applied 
it stimulates and vesicates, and is used as a coun- 
ter-irritant. Taken internally it irritates the diges- 
tive mucous membranes, large doses producing vio- 
lent gastro-enteritis, strangury, and hematuria. 

Cantharides produce redness, vesication, and 
sloughing of the skin or mucous surfaces, in accord- 
ance to the strength of the preparation used and 
the length of time it is left on. The usual "canthar- 
ides blister," vesicates in from four to twelve hours; 
the vesicles soon burst and discharge a yellowish ser- 
ous fluid, which must be carefully wiped away, as 
in many instances this also will vesicate. The sur- 
rounding parts should always, therefore, be protected 
by the use of lard, vaseline, etc. Cantharides is given 
internally in chronic cystitis and to prevent the invol- 



TOPICAL AGENTS. 199 

untary escape of urine from the bladder, due to relax- 
ation of the sphincter vesicas. It is also recommended 
for mares and cows slow in coming to service, but its 
aphrodisiac effects are uncertain. Externally, can- 
tharidal ointments are applied to stimulate indolent 
wounds and ulcers, and to develop and determine 
slow-forming abscesses — as in strangles ; also to help 
in the absorption and liquefaction of products of in- 
flammatory processes; to open joint — the resulting 
inflammation and swelling sometimes check the 
escape of synovia. Similarly applied in umbilical 
hernia of foals and calves; as a counter-irritant to 
relieve irritability of larynx, chronic cough, and in- 
flammation of deeper-seated structures; mild prepa- 
rations to the chest walls in pleurodynia and pleurisy ; 
along the spine in spinitis, chronic paralysis, enceph- 
alitis, puerperal apoplexy; also to rheumatic swell- 
ings of the articulations, especially if chronic. 
Inflammation of bursae, tendons, articulations, liga- 
ments, and bones are treated with cantharides prepa- 
rations of varying strength. The usual ointment is 
twelve per cent., but much stronger may be employed 
if required. 

Cantharides liniment (cantharides liss., extracted 
by alcohol 1 xiv., and oil of turpentine § ij.), so-called 
"sweating blister," may be repeatedly used without 
blemishing. 

A very good stimulant and absorbent ointment is 
composed of powdered cantharides ?iss., powdered 
camphor ?ss., oil of turpentine Jiss., biniodide of 
mercury 3L, and resin cerate $xij.; to be made 



200 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

without tho aid of heat. Is ready for use in about 
ten to twelve days after preparation. 

Euphorbium, an acrid resin obtained from the Eu- 
phorbia resinifera, natural order Euphorbiacese. Is a 
very energetic irritant, vesicant, and pustulant, but 
for horses and dogs is rather too unmanageable. An 
alcoholic solution (six per cent.) is said to be the bet- 
ter way of using it as a vesicant. It is, however, 
sometimes added to blistering ointments to increase 
their activity. 

Oleum Tiglii. See under Croton Oil. 

Emollients and Demulcents. 

Petrolatum, petroleum jelly, commonly called vas- 
eline, cosmoline, etc. Is a jelly-like preparation, ob- 
tained from the residuum of petroleum and afterward 
purified. It is soluble in ether, chloroform, fixed and 
volatile oils; insoluble in alcohol and water. It is 
tasteless or nearly so, odorless, and of a neutral reac- 
tion. It is non-oxidizable, and hence does not become 
rancid, and therefore makes a most excellent basis for 
ointments. It is used as an emollient and lubricant; 
also as an excipient in making boluses and electuaries. 

Mel, honey. A saccharine secretion deposited in 
the honeycomb by Apis mellifica, the honey-bee, an 
insect of the order Hymenoptera. 

Mel Despumatum, clarified honey, is honey 
warmed, skimmed, and strained, with five per cent, 
of glycerin added. 

Oxymel consists of honey 40, acetic acid 5, and 
water 5 parts. 



TOPICAL AGENTS. 201 

Linum, flaxseed or linseed. 

Semen Lini, the dried seeds of Linum usitatissi- 
mum. 

Oleum Lini, the oil expressed from the seeds. See 
under Oleum Lini. 

Farina Lini, Semen Lini Pulvis, flaxseed meal, 
linseed meal. The ground seeds. 

Linseed cake, the residue left after the oil has been 
expressed from the seeds, is used as a food for cattle 
and sheep in some localities, and in smaller quantities 
is fed also to horses. Linseed gruel or tea is nutri- 
tious as well as demulcent and lubricant; hence 
is given to animals recovering from debilitating 
diseases; also as a vehicle for medicines which 
might irritate the alimentary canal during their 
administration or action. Linseed meal is used as 
a poultice, retaining both heat and moisture very 
well. The oil is given for its cathartic qualities as 
well as its lubricant and demulcent action. See under 
Oleum Lini. 

Adeps Suilli, lard; Adeps Lance, wool fat or lan- 
olin, as well as most fixed oils (see under Oils and 
Fats), also answer the same purposes. 

Glycerinum, glycerin, glycerol, prophenyl hydrate. 
A liquid obtained by the decomposition of fats or 
fixed oils, and containing not less than ninety-five 
per cent, of absolute glycerin (C 3 H 5 [HO] 3 ). It is a 
clear, colorless liquid, of syrupy consistence; oily to 
the touch, hygroscopic, odorless, very sweet and 
slightly warm to the taste, and neutral in reaction. 
It is soluble in all proportions in water and in alcohol, 



202 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

in a mixture of alcohol 3 with ether 1, but insoluble 
in ether, chloroform, benzol, or fixed oils. Specific 
gravity not less than 1.250. 

Actions and Uses.— Glycerin is chiefly demul- 
cent and emollient; in large doses, undiluted, some- 
what irritant to the local mucous membranes whether 
given per os or per rectum. It has some antiseptic 
and antiparasitic properties, but these are only slight. 
Enemata of fl. § ij.-vi. are laxative for the horse; 
fl. 1 ss.-i. for dogs. It forms the bases for many anti- 
septic and astringent preparations, and is added to 
liniments and lotions to prevent these from drying 
too rapidly. The chief glycerites are : 

Glycerinum Acidi Carbolici, glycerin of carbolic 
acid, containing twenty per cent, of the acid. 

Glycerinum Aluminis, glycerin of alum, contains 
fifteen per cent, of alum. 

Glycerinum Tannini, glycerin of tannin, contains 
twenty per cent, of tannin. 

Glycerinum Plumbi, glycerin of lead, contains 
fifty per cent, of Goulard's extract. 

Glycerinum Amyli, glycerin of starch, contains 
starch 1, water 3, and glycerin 5. 

The last of these, glycerin of starch, is of the con- 
sistence of petrolatum, and like the latter is used as 
an ointment base, being for this purpose cleaner than 
fatty bases. It can be readily washed off, but the 
therapeutist must not forget the incompatibility of 
starch with preparations of iodine. It is also a most 
excellent excipient in making pills or balls of quinine, 
etc. 



HEW REMEDIES. 203 



MEMORANDA ON NEW REMEDIES. 

Aristol (syns. — Di thy mold iodide, Annidalin) is a 
somewhat unstable, reddish-brown, amorphous pow- 
der, insoluble in water and glycerin, slightly soluble 
in alcohol, very soluble in ether and in collodion. It 
is also taken up by fatty oils and vaseline when 
rubbed with these. It is prepared by the decomposi- 
tion of a solution of iodine in iodide of potassium by 
means of an alcoholic solution of thymol, and con- 
tains about forty -six per cent, of iodine. Aristol was 
introduced as a substitute for iodoform, over which 
it has the advantage of being odorless. It is used in 
the same manner and for the same purposes as iodo- 
form. 

Formalin (formaldehyde, formic aldehyde, oxy- 
methylene, f ormol) , an aqueous solution of formalde- 
hyde gas (from the oxidation of methyl alcohol), con- 
centrated to forty per cent. — CH 2 0=H.CO.H. A 
clear, colorless liquid, having a peculiar pungent 
odor, non-irritant, non-toxic, non-corrosive ; a power- 
ful surgical and general antiseptic ; used also as a food 
preservative (1-1,000,000 : 5,000). For hardening 
anatomical specimens, four to ten per cent, solution ; 
in surgery, one-fourth to one-half per cent, solution. 

Hydrogen dioxide — H 2 2 — a clear, colorless liquid, 
resembling in every way water, but differing from 
this in that it contains one more atom of O. Should 
be kept in well-corked bottles and in a cool place. 
Its strength is designated by volume — i.e., when vol- 



204 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

ume is spoken of in connection with H 2 2 it means 
capacity for holding O. One pint or unit of H 2 one 
volume strong, contains one pint or unit of O ; while 
a fifteen-volume solution contains fifteen units of O. 
When fresh and in good condition H 2 2 is one of the 
most powerful oxidizing agents known, and in con- 
tact with pus forms a thick, white foam. Dose: H., 
fl. fss.-ij. ; D., fi. 3 ss.-i. Should be well diluted 
with water, milk, or gruel. Small repeated doses are 
preferable to a larger single dose. 

It is given in choleraic complaints, dyspepsia, diar- 
rhoea, and intestinal disorders accompanied by a ten- 
dency to fermentation and flatulence. It checks fer- 
mentation and stimulates the gastric and intestinal 
fluids to a normal action. Diseases of the throat, na- 
sal passages, and lungs may be treated with a spray 
of H 2 2 , 1 part in 5 to 15 of water. It is used also 
locally to wounds, sores, ulcers, fistulse, punctured 
wounds of the feet, abscesses, and also in dentistry. 

Piperazinum (syns. — Pyrazine hexahydride, 
di-ethylenediamine, piperazidine, ethylene-imine) 
— C 4 H 10 N 2 — is a synthetical basic compound, formed 
by the action of ammonia upon ethylene bromide, and 
occurs as a white, crystalline powder, readily soluble 
in water. It liquefies when exposed to air, from 
which it greedily absorbs H 2 and C0 2 . With uric 
acid it forms the most soluble known urate, requiring 
but 50 parts of water for its solution, while lithium 
urate requires 368 parts of water to dissolve it. Pi- 
perazin is non-toxic, non-irritant to mucous mem- 
branes, is readily absorbed from the stomach, and 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 205 

circulates in the blood unchanged. It has been rec- 
ommended in rheumatism and azoturia. Dose: H., 
3 i.-iij. ; D., gr. v.-xv. 
Barii Chloridum. See under Barium Chloride. 

PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 

Extemporaneous prescriptions are formulae written 
by the veterinarian to meet the requirements of an in- 
dividual case. They are divided into four parts ; viz. : 

1. Superscription — consisting of a specification of 
the specie of the animal (i.e., whether horse, cow, or 
dog, etc.), and the owner's name, the date, and the 
sign £> or Rp. — meaning Take! or Take thou! 

2. Inscription — which is the real body of the pre- 
scription itself, and consisting of one or more of the 
following subdivisions : (a) Basis or chief ingredient ; 
(b) adjuvant, to assist the action of the basis; (c) 
corrective, to correct some injurious or undesirable 
quality of the other ingredients ; (d) excipient or ve- 
hicle, which give it form or bulk. 

3. Subscription — the directions to the compounder, 
usually expressed in Latin. 

4. Signature — the directions for the administration 
of the medicine, written in English or Latin, and the 
signature of the prescriber. 

A prescription may contain but one or two ingre- 
dients, but nevertheless should be written out in the 
same manner. Simplicity is a very good point in 
prescribing, but a judicious blending of the actions 
of several drugs frequently gives a more decided and 



206 



VETERINARY MATERIA MEDIOA. 



rapid curative effect. The above order should be fol- 
lowed out as nearly as possible, writing out first the 
names of all the ingredients, and then their quantity 
to make the correct dose. An example will be the 
following prescription : 



New York, February 1st, 1896. 
For Mr. Smith's Mare. 



Superscription. 



1} Aloes barbadensis . 

Pulv.nucis vomicae 

Pulv.capsici 

Fid. extr. belladonna? . . 3 i. 

Saponis moll. 
Ut flat bol. No. 1. 
Sig. Purgative ball. 

Give at once. 



3 vij. — Basis 

3i 

3 i 



— Adjuvant. 

Corrective. 

Excipient. 
Subscription. 



Inscription. 



A. C. Hassloch, V. S. 



> Signature. 



Words and Phrases in General Use in Pre- 
scription Writing. — The names of drugs should be 
written out as fully as possible, to avoid errors on 
the part of the compounder : 



Adde, add. 

Ana or aa, of each. 

Bis, twice. 

Cum, with. 

Cola, strain. 

Coletur, let be strained. 

Dein, thereupon. 

Detur, let be given. 

Divide, divide. 

Dividatur, let be divided. 

Et, and. 

Fac, make. 

Filtra, filter. 

Fiat or fiant, let be made. 

Misce, mix. 

Solve, dissolve. 

Non, not. 



In dies, daily. 

Da, give. 

Non - repetatur, not to be re- 
peated. 

Macera, macerate. 

Ad saturandem, to saturation. 

Quantum sufficiat (q. s.), as 
much as necessary. 

In partes sequales, in equal 
parts. 

Secundem artem, according to 
art. 

Recipe 1$, take. 

Signa, write. 

Pro re nata, according to need. 

Ter, thrice. 

Quartet, four times. 



INCOMPATIBILITY. 207 



INCOMPATIBILITY. 



This may be either chemical, pharmaceutical, or 
therapeutical, according as the result is chemical de- 
composition, physical disassociation, or antagonistic 
physiological action. Simplicity in prescribing will 
to a great extent circumvent all of this. 

The following are a few facts which may well be 
borne in mind so as to avoid incompatibility : Strong 
acids decompose salts of weaker acids, form ethers 
when combined with alcohol, and should not be com- 
bined with hydrates or carbonates. Potassium iodide 
decomposes metallic salts and is best given alone. 
Silver nitrate and the acetate and subacetate of lead, 
although incompatible with almost everything, com- 
bine well with opium. Tannin and gallic acid, and 
substances containing them, precipitate albumin, al- 
kaloids, and most soluble metallic salts and gelatin. 
Iodine and iodides are incompatible with alkaloids 
and substances containing them. 

Alkalies neutralize free acids; poisonous com- 
pounds are formed by the admixture of several sub- 
stances — such as potassium iodide or syrup of iodide 
of iron, with potassium chlorate. Potassium cyanide 
or hydrocyanic acid dilute with calomel, bismuth 
salts, metallic hydrates, carbonates, subnitrates, or 
subchlorides, forming poisonous cyanides. 

Explosive compounds result from mixing powerful 
oxidizing agents with others which are readily oxi- 
dizable. The chief members of these two classes are : 



208 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 

Oxidizers. — Nitric acid, free hydrochloric acid, 
chromic acid, nitrohydrochloric acid, potassium 
chlorate, potassium permanganate. 

Oxidizable OR Combustible.— Glycerin, sugar, 
alcohols, oils and ethers, sulphur and sulphides, dry 
organic substances, phosphorus. 

Pharmaceutical incompatibility differs from 
chemical incompatibility in the absence of chemi- 
cal action, and. is generally caused by adding one 
substance to another, which, through differences in 
solubility, cause a precipitation of solid matter or a 
separation of part of the liquid. Examples of phar- 
maceutical incompatibility are : 

Resinous tinctures or fluid extracts with aqueous 
solutions. Essential oil with aqueous liquids in 
quantities exceeding 1 drop to 3 i. Tinctures made 
with alcohol with those made with diluted alcohol. 
Alcoholic tinctures and fluid extracts with aqueous 
preparations. Infusions generally, with metallic 
salts. 

Therapeutical incompatibility arises when two 
agents are administered together which oppose each 
other in action on the system — as physostigmine with 
belladonna; morphine with atropine. The latter, 
however, are frequently used together, the one to act 
as a guard against excessive action of the other. See 
also under Antagonists of the various drugs, under 
their respective titles. 



INDEX. 



PAGE. 

Absolute Alcohol 118 

A. C. E. Mixture 129 

Acetanilid 161 

Acetanilidum 161 

Acetate of Ammonia, solution 

Of 62 

Acetate of Copper 86 

Acetate of Lead 87 

Acetate of Morphi ne 136 

Acetate of Potassium 52 

Acetate of Zinc 89 

Acetic Acid, Diluted 65 

Acetic Acid, Pure 64 

Acetum 65 

Acetum Plumbi 87 

Acid, Acetic, Diluted 65 

Acid, Acetic, Pure 64 

Acid, Arsenious 45 

Acid, Boracic 194 

Acid, Boric 194 

Acid Carbolic, Crude 163 

Acid, Carbolic, Glycerin of.- -163-202 

Acid, Carbolic, Ointment of 163 

Acid, Carbolic, Pure 162 

Acid, Carbolic, solution of 163 

Acid, G-allic 81 

Acid, G-allotannic 81 

Acid, Hydrobromic, Diluted... 141 

Acid, Hydrochloric 35 

Acid, Hydrochloric, Diluted ... 34 

Aei1, Muriatic ... 35 

Acid, Muriatic, Diluted 34 

Acid, Nitric 35 

Acid, Nitric, Diluted 34 

Acid, Nitro-Hy drochloric 35 

Acid, Nitro-Hydrochloric, Di- 
luted 34 

Acid, Phosphoric 36 

AcH, Phosphoric, Diluted 35 

Acids 18 

Acids, Mineral 34 

Acid, Salicylic 166 

Acid, Sulphuric 35 

Acid, Sulphuric, Aromatic 34 

Acid, Sulphuric, Diluted 34 

Acid, Tannic 81 

Acidum Aceticum Dilutum — 65 

Acidum Aceticum Purum 64 

Acidum Arseniosum 45 

Acidum Boracicum 194 



PAGE. 

Acidum Boricum 194 

Acidum Carbolicum Crudum. . 163 
Acidum Carbolicum Purum 

Liquefactum 162 

Acidum Gallicum 81 

Aciduria Hydrobromicum Di- 

1 utum 141 

Acidum Hydrochloricum 35 

Acidum Hydrochloricum Dilu- 
tum 34 

Acidum Muriati cum 35 

Acidum Muriaticum Dilutum. 34 

Acidum Nitricum 35 

Acidum Nitricum Dilutum 34 

Acidum N i t r o-Hydrochlori- 

cum 35 

Acidum Nitr o-Hydrochlori- 

cum Dilutnm 3± 

Acidum Nitro- Muriaticum 35 

Acidum Nitro-Muriaticum Di- 
lutum 34 

Acidum Phosphoricum... 36 

Acidum Phosphoricum Dilu- 
tum 35 

Acidum Salicylicum 166 

Acidum Sulphuricum 35 

Acidum Sulphuricum Aroma- 

ticum 34 

Acidum Sulphuricum Dilu- 
tum 34 

Acidum Tannicum 81 

Acidiflers, Urinary 24 

Aconite 150 

Aconite, Fluid Extract of 151 

Aconite, Solid Extract of. 150 

Aconite, Tincture of 151 

Aconite, Tincture of, Flem- 
ing's 151 

Aconitina 151 

Aconitine 151 

Aconitiue, Oleate of 151 

Aconitum 150 

Adeps 38 

Adeps Lanae 201 

Adeps Suilli 201 

Administration of Medicines.. 9 

Aerugo = 86 

teller 123 

iEther Chloricus 129 

vEther Fortior 123 



210 



INDEX. 



TAGE. 

Agents acting on Excretion. . . 24 

Agents acting on Microbes, etc. 29 

Age uts acting on Parasites 29 

Agents acting on the Circula- 
tion 16 

Agents acting on the Digestive 

Apparatus 17 

Agents acting on the Gener- 
ative Apparatus 26 

Agents acting on the Nervous 

System 11 

Agents acting on the Respir- 
atory Apparatus 15 

Agents acting on the Skin 27 

Agents acting upon Each 

Other 29 

Agents affecting Metabolism . . 22 
Agents affecting the Organs of 

Special Sense 14 

Agents, Topical 196 

Alcohol U8-119 

Alcohol, Absolute — 118 

Alcohol Absolutum 118 

Alcohol, Amylic 118 

Alcohol, Diluted 119 

Alcohol Dilutum 119 

Alcohol, Ethylic 118 

Alcohol Methylic 118 

Alcoholic Extract of Belladon- 
na Leaf 105 

Aldehyde, Formic 203 

Alder, Black 178 

Ale 120 

Alkalies 18 

Al kalizers, Urinary 24 

Alkaloids 3 

Aloe Barbadensis 175 

Aloe Capiensis 176 

Aloe Socotrinae 175 

Aloes, Barbadoes 175 

Aloes, Cape 176 

Aloes. Socotrine 175 

Alteratives 23, 70 

Alteratives, Uterine 27 

Alum 91, 172 

Alum, Dried 92 

Alum, Exsiccated. 92 

Alum, Glycerin of. 202 

Alumen .91, 172 

Alumen Exsiccatum 92 

Alumen Ustum 92 

American Hellebore 154 

American Hellebore Boot, fluid 

extract of 151 

American Hellebore Boot. 

Tincture of 15.1 

American Wormseed 185 

Ammonia, Aromatic, Spirit of. 62 

Ammonia, Carbonate of 62 

Ammonia, Caustic 61 

Ammonia, Concentrated ci 



PAGE. 

Ammonia Liniment 62 

Ammonia, Muriate of 62 

Ammonia, Solution of Acetate 

cf , 62 

Ammonia, Stronger water of. . 61 

Ammonia, Water of 61 

Ammonii Bromidum Ill 

Ammonii Carbonas 62 

Ammonii Chloridum 62 

Ammonii Iodidum 71 

Ammonii Murias 62 

Ammonium. — -• 61 

Ammonium, Bromide of 141 

Ammonium, Chloride of 62 

Ammonium, Iodide of — 71 

Am vl Hydrate. lis 

Amyl Nitris 158 

Amyl, Nitrite of. 158 

Amylic, Alcohol 118 

Anaesthesia, Contra-indica- 

tions for. 130 

Anaesthetic Mixtures , 129 

Anaesthetics •' 13 

Auaesth etics, General 13 

Anaesthetics, Local 1314 

Analgesics 13 

Analgesine 160 

Anaphrodisiacs 26 

Anhidrotics . 25 

Anhydride, Boric 194 

Annidalin 203 

Anodyne, Hoffmann's 124 

Anodynes.. 13 

Anodynes, General — 13 

Anodynes, Local.. 13 

Antacids. 18 

Antacids, Direct 19 

Antacids, Indirect 19 

Antacids, Eemo"e. 19 

Antagonists 30 

Anthelmintics 22,184 

Antidotes. 29 

Antidotes for arsenical poison- 
ing 47 

Anti-emetics 19 

Antifebrin 151 

Antilithics. : 25 

Antimonii et Potassae Tar- 

tras 172 

Antimony and Potassium, Tar- 
trate of 172 

Antiperiodies. 24, 160 

Antiphlogistics. 24 

Antipyretics. 23, 160 

Anti pyrin. 160 

Antipyrinum 160 

Antiseptics 29 

Antisialics. 18 

Antispasmodics 14 

Antizymotics.. 29, 160 

Aperients. 2o 



INDEX. 



211 



Aphrodisiacs. 26 

Apomorphina. 135, 172 

Apomorphine 1 35, 172 

Aqua Ammoniae 61 

Aqua Ammoniae fori ius 61 

Aqua Calcis 59 

Aqua Camphorae ill 

AquaFortis. 35 

Aqua Menthae Piperitae 170 

AquaPlumbi 87 

Aqua Kegia 36 

Aquae 3 

Aqueous Extract of Opium 135 

Aquila Alba. 77 

Areca Nut. 184 

Areca Nut, Powdered. 184 

Areeae Semina- 184 

Argenti Nitras 84 

Argenti Nitras Fusus 84 

Argentum. 84 

Aristol. 203 

Arnica Flowers 157 

Arnica Flowers, tincture of — 158 

Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia-- 62 

Aromatic S ulphuric Acid 34 

Arsenic 45 

Arsenic, White 45 

Arsenical Poisoning, antidotes 

for. 47 

Arsenicum 45 

Arsenious Acid 45 

Arsenite of Potassium. Solu- 
tion of. 46 

Arsenium.. 45 

Asafoetida 113 

Asaf oetida, Emulsion of 114 

Asafoetida, Tincture of 114 

Asagroea Officinalis 154 

Aspidium 185 

Astringents 28, 81 

Astringents, Local 28 

Astringents, Systemic. 28 

Atropinae Sulphas 105 

Atropine 104 

Atropine, Derivatives of. 104 

Atropine, Sulphate of 105 

Auditory Nerve. Excitability 

Of 15 

Baking Soda. . . .- 56 

Ball 7 

Balsam of Fir 188 

Barbadoes Aloes 175 

Barii Chloridum ..182-205 

Barium, Chloride of 182,205 

Bark, Buckthorn . .. 178 

Bark, Calisaya 48 

Bark, Cinchona, Powdered — 49 

Bark, Pale 48 

Bark, Peruvian 48 

Bark, Red 48 

Bark, Sacred 178 



Bark, White-Oak 83 

Bark. Yellow 48 

Basilicon Ointment 190 

Bean, Calabar 147-148 

Bean, Calabar, powdered 148 

Beer .... 120 

Belladonna 104 

Belladonna Leaf, powdered. . . 105 

Belladonna Leaf, tincture of.. 105 

Belladonna, Liniment of 105 

Belladonna, Ointment of 105 

Belladonna Root, fluid extract 

of 105 

Belladonnine 104 

Berries, Buckthorn — 178 

Biborate of Sodium 57 

Bicarbonate of Sodium 56 

Bicarbonate of Potassiu m 53 

Bichloride of Mercury 75 

Biniodide of Mercury 78 

Bismuth 45 

Bismuth, Subcarbonate 45 

Bismuth, Subiodide 45 

Bismuth, Subnitrate 45 

Bismuthi Subnitras 45 

Bismuthi Subcarbonas 54 

Bismuthi Subiodidum 54 

Bismuthum 45 

Bisulphate of Quinine 50 

Bitartrate of Potassium ISO 

Bitter Tonics 47 

Black Alder 178 

BlackMustard 172 

Black Oil 180 

Bleaching Powder 60 

Blister. Sweating 199 

Blisters 27 

Blue Mass 183 

Blue Ointment 76 

Blue Rocket 150 

Blue-stone 86 

Blue Vitriol 86 

Bolus 7 

Boracic Acid 194 

Borate of Sodium 57 

Borax 57 

Boric Acid. 194 

Boric Anhydride 194 

Boroglyceride 195 

Bougia 7 

Bougies 7 

Brandy 119 

Brimstone 67 

Bromide of Ammonium 141 

Bromide of Calcium 141 

Bromide of Lithium 141 

Bromide of Potassium 53, 140 

Bromide of Sodium 141 

Bromides = .... 140 

Bromine and Bromides. . ... 140 

Bromum 140 



212 



INDEX. 



PAGE. 

Buchu, fluid extract of 187 

Buchu Folia 186 

Buchu Leaves 186 

Buckthorn Bark . . 178 

Buckthorn Berries 178 

Buckthorn, California 178 

Buckihorns 178 

Burgundy, Pitch 190 

Butter, Cacao 39 

Cacao Butter 39 

Caff eina 1 17, 186 

Caffeine 117. 186 

Calabar Bean 147 

Calabar Bean, powdered 148 

Calcii Bromidum 141 

Calcii Carbonas Praecipitatus. 59 

Calcii PhosphasPraecipitatus. 59 

Calcium 59 

Calcium, Bromide of l±l 

Calcium, Carbonate of 59 

Calcium, Oxide of 59 

Calcium, Precipitated Phos- 
phate of 59 

Calcium, Sulphide of 66 

California Buckthorn 178 

Calisaya Bark 48 

Calomel. 77, 183, 186 

Calx 59 

Calx Chlorata ■ 60 

Calx Sulphurata 66 

Carapho-phenique. 1 64 

Camphor ....•• ill, 197 

Camphor, Compound Tincture 

of. 112 

Camphor, Liniment of 112 

Camphor, Liniment, com- 
pound 112 

Camphor, Monobromide — 112, 141 

Camphor, powdered ill 

Camphor, Spirit of ill 

Camphor Water Ill 

Camphora. ill, 197 

Camphora Monobromata. ...112, 141 

Camphora Pulvis ill 

Camphorated Oil 112 

Camphorated Soap Spirit 112 

Camphorated Tincture of 

Opium 135 

Canada Pitch. 190 

Canada Turpentine. 188 

Cannabis Indica 115 

Cantharides 197 

Cantharides Liniment. 199 

Cantharidin. 198 

Cantharis 194, 197 

Cape Aloes 176 

Capsicum. 187,197 

Capsicum, fluid extract of. — 187 

Capsicum, Oleoresin of 187 

Capsicum Pulvis 187 

Capsicum, Tincture of — ■ • • • . 187 



PAGE. 

Capsulae 7 

Capsules 7 

Carbolic Acid 162 

Carbolic Acid, Crude 163 

Carbolic Acid, Glycerin of... 163, 202 

Carbolic Acid, Ointment of 163 

Carbolic Acid, Pure 162 

Carbolic Acid, Solution of 163 

Carbolized Glycerite of Iodo- 

Tannin 73 

Carbolized Iodine 72 

Carbolized Oil 163 

Carbonate of Ammonia 62 

Carbonate of Calcium 59 

Carbonate of Iron, Mass of — 45 
Carbonate of Iron, Sacchar- 

ated - ■ 42 

Carbonate of Magnesium 179 

Carbonate of Potassium 53 

Carbonate of Sodium 56 

Carbonate of Zinc 89 

Cardiac Sedatives 1 7 

Cardiac Stimulants 16 

Cardiac Tonics 17 

Carminatives 20 

Carnallite 52 

Cascara Sagrada 178 

Castor Oil 38, 174, 178 

Cataplasmata 8 

Catechu 83 

Catechu, Compound Tincture 

of 83 

Cathartics 20. 174 

Caustic Ammonia <u 

Caustic, Lunar 84 

Caustic Potash 52 

Caustics 28 

Cayenne Pepper 187 

Cerata 3 

Cerates 3 

Cerate, Besin 190 

Ceratum Besinae 190 

Cerebral Depressants 12, 118 

Cerebral Excitants 12, ill 

Cevadilline 154 

Cevadine 154 

Chalk, Precipitated 59 

Chenopodium 185 

Chinoidin •. 49 

Chloral 131 

Chloral Hydrate 131 

Chlorate of Potassium 53 

Chloride of Ammonium 62 

Chloride of Barium 182, 205 

Chloride of Iron, Tincture of. . 43 

Chloride of Lime 60 

Chloride of Mercury. Corros- 
ive 75 

Chloride of Sodium 56 

Chloride of Zinc. 89 

Chlorinated Lime 6C 



INDEX. 



213 



PAGE. 

Chlorine •••• 170 

Chloroform. 127 

Chloroform, Commercial 128 

Chloroform Liniment 128 

Chloroform Liniment, Com- 
pound 128 

Chloroform, Pu rifled 128 

Chloroform, Spirit of 129 

Chlorof ormum 127 

Chloroformum Purificatum... 128 

Chlorof ormum Venale . 128 

Chlorum 170 

Cholagogue Purgatives. 21, 183 

CholagOKues 21 

Ciliary Excitants . 16 

Cinchona • • 48 

Cinchona Bark, Compound 

Tincture of 50 

Cinchona Bark, Powdered . — 49 

Cinchona, Composition of 48 

Cincnona, Compound Tincture 

Of 50 

Cinchona Flava 48 

Cinchona, Infusion of 50 

Cinchona Pallida 48 

Cinchona, Preparations of . — 49 

Cinchona Bubra 48 

Cinchonia 49 

Cinchonidina 49 

Cinchonidinae Sulphas 50 

Cinchonidine. 49 

Cinchonidine, Sulphate of. — 50 

Cinchonine 49 

Citrate of Iron and Quinine — 51 

Clarified Honey 200 

Classification of Medicines — 10 

Clysters 8 

Cocainae Hydrochloras 116 186 

Cocaioae Murias .116, 186 

Cocaine 186 

Cocaine, Hydrochlorate of. . .116, 186 

Cocaine, Muriate of llfi, 186 

Codeina 135, 136 

Codeinae Phosphas 137 

Codeine 135, 136 

Codeine, Phosphate of 137 

Cod-Liver Oil 38 

Colchici Badix 79 

Colchici Badicis Pulvis 80 

Colchici Semen, 79 

Colchici Seminis Pulvis 80 

Colchicina 80 

Colchicine 80 

Colchicum 79 

Colohicum Boot, Powdered — 80 
Colchicum Seed, fluid extract 

of 80 

Colchicum Seed, Powdered- • • • 80 

Collodia. 4 

Collodion. 4, 124 

Collodion, Flexible.. 124 



l'A«E. 

Collodion, Styptic. 124 

Collodium 124 

Collodium Flexile 124 

Collodium Stypticum 124 

Colophony 190 

Collunarim 8 

Collyrium 8 

Commercial Chloroform 128 

Common Salt 56 

Composition of Cinchona 48 

Composition of Mustard 196 

Compound Camphor Lini- 
ment 112 

Compound Chloroform Lini- 
ment 128 

Compound Powder of Bhu- 

barb 179 

Compound Solution of Iodine. 71 

Compound Spirit of Ether 124 

Compound Tincture of Cam- 
phor 112 

Compound Tincture of Cin- 
chona 50 

Compound Tincture of Cin- 
chona Bark, U.S.P 50 

Compound Tinct. of Gentian. . 48 

Concentrated Ammonia 61 

Contra-indications for anaes- 
thesia 130 

Convallamarin 103 

Convallamarinum 103 

Convallaria 103 

Convallaria, fluid extract of . . . 103 

Coordination of Movement 14 

Copper 86 

Copper, Acetate of 86 

Copper Poisoning 86 

Copper, Sulphate of 86, 171 

Copperas 42 

Corrosive Chloride of Mercury. 75 

Corrosive Sublimate , 75 

Cosmoline 200 

Cotton-seed Oil 39 

Cotton, Styptic 43 

Cream of Tartar •.. 180 

Croton Oil 39,181,200 

Crude Carbolic Acid 163 

Cupri Acetas 86 

Cupri Sulphas 86, 171 

Cuprum 86 

Cutch 83 

Deadly Nightshade 104 

Decocta 4 

Decoctions 4 

Deliriants 12 

Demulcents 28, 200 

Depressants, Hepatic 22 

Depressants, Benal 24 

Depressants, Bespiratory 15 

Depressants, Uterine 26 

Derivatives of Atropine 104 



214 



PAGE. 

Diaphoretics 25 

Diaphoretics, Nauseating 25 

Diaphoretics, Refrigerant 25 

Diaphoretics, Simple 25 

Di-ethylenediamine 204 

Digestive Ferments 32 

Digitalein 99 

Digitalin 99 

Digitalinum 99 

Digitalis 98, 186 

Digitalis, fluid extract of 99 

Digitalis, infusion of 99 

Digitalis Leaf, powdered 99 

Digitalis, Solid Extract of 99 

Digitalis, Tincture of 99 

Digitin 99 

Digitonin 99 

Digitoxin 99 

Diluents 25 

Diluted Acetic Acid 65 

Diluted Alcohol 119 

.Diluted Hydrobromic Acid 141 

Diluted Hydrochloric Acid 34 

Diluted Nitric Acid.. 34 

Diluted N it r o-hydrochloric 

Acid 34 

Diluted Phosphoric Acid 35 

Diluted Solution of Subacetate 

of Lead 87 

Diluted Sulphuric Acid 34 

Diniethylphenylpyrazolon 160 

Dioxide of Hydrogen 203 

Direct Antacids 19 

Direct Emmenagogues 26 

Discus 8 

Discutients 23 

Disinfectants 29 

Disk 8 

Disks of Physostigmine 148 

Dispensatory 3 

Dithymoldiodide 203 

Diuretics 24, 186 

Diuretics, Hydragogne 186 

Diuretics, Refrigerant 186 

Diuretics, Stimulant 186 

Doses, Table of 31 

Double hydrochlorate of Qui- 
nine and Urea. 50 

Douche, Nasal 8 

Dover's Powder 136, i?3 

Drastic Purgatives 20, 181 

Draught 9 

Dr. Carl Seller's Solution 58 

Drench 9 

Dried Alum 92 

Dried Sulphate of Iron 43 

Drugs 2 

E. C. A. Mixture 129 

Ecbolics 26 

El ectuaria 8 

Electuaries , 8 



PAGK. 

Elixir Paregoric 135 

Elixiria 4 

Elixirs 4 

Emetics 19, 171 

Emetics, General 19 

Emetics, Local 19 

Emetics, Systemic 19 

Emmenagogues 26, 194 

Emmenagogues, Direct 26 

Emmenagogues, Indirect 26 

Emollients 28, 200 

Emplastra 4 

Emulsion of Asafoetida 114 

Emulsiones 8 

Emulsions 8 

Emulsum Asafoetidae in 

Endermic Method 10 

Enemata 8 

Enepidermic Method 10 

English Mustard 196 

Epidermic Method 10 

Epispastics 27 

Epsom Salt 179 

Equilibrium, Maintenance of. 14 

Ergot 96 

Ergot, fluid extract of 97 

E rgot of Rye 96 

Ergot, powdered - 97 

Ergot, solid extract of 97 

Ergota 96 

Ergota Pulvis 97 

Ergotin 97 

Ergotole 97 

Erythroxylon Coca 116 

Escharotics 28 

Eserinae Salicylas 148, 182 

Eserinae Sulphas 148, 182 

Eserine, Salicylate of 148, 182 

Eserine, Sulphate of 148, 182 

Essence of Peppermint 170 

Ether 123 

Ether, Commercial 123 

Ether, compound spirit of . — 123 

Ether, nitrous, spirit of 125 

Ether, stronger. 123 

Ethyl Hydrate lis 

Ethyl, Nitrite of. 159 

Ethylene-imine. 204 

Ethyli Nitris 159 

Ethylic Alcohol 118 

Euphorbium 200 

European Hellebore. 154 

Evacuents. m 

Excitability of the Auditory 

Nerve 15 

Excitants, Ciliary 16 

Expectorants.. 16 

Expectorants, Nauseating . — 16 

Expectorants, Stimulant. . . — 16 

Extract, Goulard's 87 

Extract of Aconite, fluid 151 



INDEX. 



215 



Extract of Aconite, solid 

Extract of American Hellebore 
Koot, fluid. 

Extract of Belladonna Leaf, 
alcoholic 

Extract of Belladonna Boot, 
fluid - 

I x tract of Convallaria, fluid.- • 

Extract of Digitalis, fluid. 

Exti act of Digitalis, solid. 

Extract of Ergot, fluid 

Extract of Ergot, solid 

Extract of Gelsemium, fluid. . . 

Extract of Gentian, fluid 

Extract of Henbane, fluid 

Extract of Henbane, solid. 

Extract of Indian Hemp, fluid. 

Extract of Indian Hemp, solid. 

Extract of Ipecac, fluid 

Extract of Jaborandi 

Extract of Male Fern. 

Extract of Nux Vomica, fluid- • 

Extract of Nux Vomica, solid. . 

Extract of Opium, Aqueous. . . . 

Extract of Pilocarpus, fluid — 

Extract of Witch-Hazel 

Extract, Pond's. 

Extracta. 

Extracta Fluida 

Extracts. 

Extracts, fluid 

Extractum Aconiti. ■ -. 

Extractum Aconiti Fluidum - - 

Extractum Belladonnae Folio- 
rum Alcoholicum 

Extractum Belladonnae Badi- 
cis Fluidum 

Extractum Buchu Fluidum . . - 

Extractum Cannabis Indicae - - 

Extractum Cannabis Indicae 
Fluidum. 

Extractum Capsici Fluidum... 

Extractum Colchici Seminis 
Fluidum. 

Extractum Convallariae Flui- 
dum.. 

Extractum Digitalis 

Extractum Digitalis Fluidum. 

Extractum Ergotae. 

Extractum Ergotae Fluidum- • 

Extractum Gelsemii Fluidum. 

Extractum Gentianae Flui- 
dum 

Extractum Hyoscyami 

Extractum Hyoscyami Flui- 
dum 

Extractum Ipecacuanhae Flui- 
dum 

Extractum Jaborandi Flui- 
dum 

Extractum Nucis Vomicae — 



>AGE. 

150 



105 

103 

99 

99 

97 

97 

1-14 

48 

110 

110 

115 

115 

173 

146 

185 

94 

93 

135 

146 

82 

82 



150 
151 



105 
187 
115 

115 

187 

80 

103 
99 
99 

97 

97 

144 

48 
110 

110 

173 

146 



PAGE. 

Ex tractu m Nucis Vomicae 

Fluidum. 94 

E Ktractum Opii 135 

Extractum Pancreaticus. 33 

Extractum Pilocarpi Fluidum. 146 
Extratum Veratri Viridis Flui- 
dum.. 154 

Eye-wash. 8 

Faba Calabarica 147, 148 

Farina Lini 201 

Fats. 38 

Ferments, Digestive 32 

Fern, Male. 185 

Ferri Carbonas Saccharatus ... 42 

Ferri et Quininae Citras 51 

Ferri Iodidum 42 

Ferri Perchloridum — 43 

Ferri Sulphas. 42 

Ferri Sulphas Exsiccatus 43 

Ferro-chininum Citric um. — 51 

Ferrum. 41,194 

Ferrum Reductum 4:1 

Filix Mas 185 

Fir, Balsam of 188 

Flaxseed 201 

Flaxseed Meal 201 

Flaxseed Oil 178 

Fleming's Tincture of Aco- 
nite 151 

Flexible Collodion 124 

Flores Arnicae 157 

Flowers, Arnica 157 

Fluid Extract of Aconite 151 

Fluid Extract of American 

Hellebore Boot 154 

Fluid Extract of Belladonna 

Root 105 

Fiuid Extract of Buchu 187 

Fluid Extract of Capsicum 187 

Fluid Extract of Colchicum 

Seed 80 

Fluid Extract of Convallaria. . . 103 

Fluid Extract of Digitalis 99 

Fluid Extract of Ergot *. . . 97 

Fluid Extract of Gelsemium.. . 144 

Fluid Extract of Gentian 48 

Fluid Extract of Henbane 110 

Fluid Extract of Indian Hemp. 115 

Fluid Extract of Ipecac 173 

Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica. 94 

Fluid Extract of Pilocarpus . . . 146 

Fluid Extracts 1 

Fly, Spanish 194, 197 

Folia Buchu 186 

Folia Digitalis Pulvis 99 

Fomentation 8 

Foods 22 

Formaldehyde 203 

Formalin 203 

Formic Aldehyde 203 

Formol 203 



216 



INDEX. 



PAGE. 

Formy 1. Iodide of 72 

Fotus 8 

Fowler's Solution 46 

Foxglove „ 98, 186 

Fused Nitrate of Silver 84 

Fusel Oil 118 

Galactagogues 27 

Galactophyga 27 

Galla 81 

Gallic Acid 81 

Gailotannic Acid 81 

Gamboge 182 

Gambogia 182 

Gargarysma 8 

Gargle 8 

Gastric Sedatives, Local 19 

Gastric Tonics 18 

Gastro-intestinai Koute 9 

(ielsemina 144 

Gelsemine )44 

Gelsemium, Fluid Extract of.. 144 

Gelsemium 144 

Gelsemium, Tincture of 144 

General Anaesthetics 13 

General Anodynes 13 

General Emetics 19 

General Gastric Sedatives 20 

General Sedatives 11 

Ge ntian 47 

Gentian, Compound Tincture 

of 48 

Ge ntian , Fluid Extract of 48 

Gentiana 47 

German Mustard 196 

Gin 120 

Glauber's Salt 57, 181 

Glonoin 159 

Glonoinum 159 

Glucosidea 5 

Glucosides 5 

Glycerin 201 

Glycerin of Alum 202 

Glycerin of Carbolic Acid... 163, 202 

Glycerin of Lead 202 

Glycerin of Starch 202 

Glycerin of Tannic Acid 81, 202 

Glycerines 5 

Glycerinum 201 

Glycerinum Acidi Carbolici.163, 202 
Glycerinum Acidi Tannici. . . .81, 202 

Glycerinum Aluminis 202 

Glycerinum Amyli 202 

Glycerinum Plumbi 202 

Glycerinum Tanninilodo-Car- 

bolizati 73 

Glycerita 5 

Glvcerite of Iodo-Carbolate of 

Tannin..... 73 

Glycerites 5 

Glycerol 201 

Glyceryl, Trinitrate of 159, 



PAGE. 

Gossypium Haemostaticum. . . 43 

Goulard's Extract 87 

Grain Spirit 118 

Gray Powder 77, 183 

Green Vitriol 42 

Gum Gutti 182 

Haematics 22 

Hamamelis 82 

Hamamelis Virginica 82 

Hartshorn Liniment 40, 62 

Hartshorn Spirit 61 

Haustus 9 

Hellebore 154 

Hellebore, American 154 

Hell ebore, European 154 

Hellebore, Mexican 154 

HemlockPitch 190 

Hemp, Indian 115 

Hemostatics 28 

Henbane 109 

Henbane, Fluid Extract of 110 

Henbane, Solid Extract of. — 110 

Henbane, Tincture of 110 

Hepatic Depressants 22 

Hepatic Stimulants 21 

Hoffmann's Anodyne 124 

Homatropine 104 

Honey 200 

Honey, Clarified 200 

Horned Eye 96 

Hydragogue Diuretics 186 

Hydragogue Purgatives 20 

Hydrargyri Chloridum Corro- 

sivum 75 

Hydrargyri Chloridum Mite. .77, 183 

Hydrargyri Iodidum Rubrum. 78 
Hydrargyri Subsulphas 

Flavus 171 

Hydrargyrum 75 

Hydrargyrum cum Creta 77, 183 

Hydrate of Chloral 131 

Hydrate of Prophenyl 201 

Hydra ted Oxide of Iron 47 

Hydrated Protoxide of Potash. 52 

Hydrobromate of Hyoscine — 110 

Hydrobr omic Acid, diluted — 141 

Hydrochlorate of Cocaine 116 

Hydroehlorate of Morphine. . . 136 

Hydrochlorate of Pilocarpine. 146 

Hydrochlorate of Quinine 50 

Hydrochloric Acid, Diluted — 34 

Hydrogen Dioxide 203 

Hyoscinae Hydrobromas 110 

Hyoscine, Hydrobromate of .. . 110 

Hyoscyaminae Sulphas 110 

Hyoscyamine, Sulphate of 110 

Hyoscyamus. 109 

Hypnotics 12 

Hypodermic Method 10 

Hyposulphite of Sodium 66 

Incompatibility 207 



INDEX. 



217 



PAGK. 

Incompatibility, Pharmaceu- 
tical 208 

Incompatibility, Therapeutical 208 

Indian Hemp 115 

Indian Hemp, fluid extract of. 115 

Indian Hemp, solid extract of. 115 

Indirect Antacids 19 

Indirect Emmenagogues ...... 26 

Infusi 5 

Infusion of Cinchona 50 

Infusion of Digitalis 99 

Infusions 5 

Inf usum Cinch onae — 50 

Infusum Digitalis — 99 

Inhalationes 9 

Inhalations 9 

Injectiones 9 

Injections 9 

Injections Intra-arterial 9 

Injections, Intra-venous 9 

Injections, Parenchymatous.. 10 

Inoculation : — 10 

Intra-arterial In j ections ....... 9 

Intra-venous Inj ections .... 9 

Iodide of Ammonium 71 

Iodide of Formyl.. 72 

Iodide of Iron 42 

Iodide of Iron, Syrup of ....... . 42 

Iodide of Potassium 53, 71 

Iodide of Potassium. Ointment 

of 72 

Iodide of Sodium 71 

Iodine . 70 

Iodine. Carbolized, 72 

Iodine, Ointment of • •• 71 

Iodine, Tincture of 71 

IodizedPhenol 72 

Iodoform - • • 72 

Iodof ormum 72 

Iodoform Ointment 72 

Iodol. 72 

Iodolum 72 

Iod o-phenyl 72 

Iodo-tannin... 72 

Iodum 70 

Ipecac 172 

Ipecac and Opium, powder 

Of 136.173 

Ipecac, fluid extract of 173 

Ipecac, powdered. 173 

Ipecac, Syrup of 173 

Ipecacuanha 172 

Iron ..41, 194 

Iron and Quinine, Citrate of . . 51 

Iron, Dried Sulphate of 43 

Iron, Hydrated Oxide of 47 

Iron, Iodide of 42 

Iron, Mass of Carbonate of — 45 

Iron, Perchloride of 43 

Iron reduced by Hydrogen — 41 
Iron, Solution of Perchloride 

of. 43 



PAGE. 

Iron, Saccharated Carbonate 

of. • 42 

Iron, Sulphate of 42 

Iron, Syrup of Iodide of. 42 

Iron, Tincture of Chloride of . . 43 

Irritants 27 

Jaborandi 145 

Jalap. 181 

Jalapa.. 181 

Jamaica Rum 120 

Jervine 154 

Juniper 187 

Juniper, Oil of .-•• 187 

Juniperus 187 

Kino.... 83 

Kombe 102 

Kutch....... 83 

Lac Sulphur 66 

Lactopeptin 33 

Lamellae Phy sostigminae 148 

Lanolin 39, 201 

Lanolinum. 39, 201 

Lapis Infernalis 84 

Lard.-.-. .....38,201 

Lard Oil 39 

Laudanum 135 

Laxatives 20, 174 

Lead 87 

Lead, Acetate of 87 

Lead and Opium, Solution of. . 88 

Lead and Opium wash 88 

Lead, Diluted Solution cf Sub- 
acetate of 87 

Lead. G-lycerin of 202 

Lead, Solution of Subacetate 

Of 87 

Lead, sugar of 87 

Lead Water 87 

Leaf, Belladonna, alcoholic 

extract of 105 

Leaf. Belladonna, powdered.. 105 

Leaf, Belladonna, Tincture of 105 

Leaf, digitalis, powdered . 99 

Leaves, Buchu 186 

Levant Wormseed 184 

Lily of the "Valley 103 

Lime, Chloride of 60 

Lime, Chlorinated 60 

Lime, Solution of 59 

Lime, sulphurated 66 

Lime Water 59 

Liniment of Ammonia.. 40,62 

Liniment of Belladonna. 105 

Liniment of Camphor 112 

Liniment of Camphor, com- 
pound 112 

Liniment of Cantharides 199 

Linim ent of Chloroform 128 

Liniment of Chloroform, com- 
pound 128 

Liniment, Soap 112 

Linimenta 5 



218 



INDEX. 



PAGE. 

Liniments 5 

Linimentum Ammoniae 62 

Linimentum Belladonnae 105 

Linimentum Camphorae 112 

Linimentum Camphorae Com- 
position 112 

Linimentum Oantharidie 199 

Linimentum Chloroformi. 128 

Linimentum Chloroformi 

Composition = 128 

Linimentum Saponis 112 

Linseed * . .- . ._— — 201 

Linseed Cake 201 

Linseed Meal 201 

Linseed Oil 39,178,201 

Liquid Tar 191 

Liquor acidi carbolici — 1 63 

Liquor Ammoniae • 61 

Liquor Ammoniae f ortior. . — 61 

Liquor Ammonii Acetatis. .... 62 

Liquor Calcis 59 

Liquores. 5 

Liquor Ferri Perchloridi 43 

Liquor Iodi Compositus 71 

Liquor Morphinae Sulphatis, 

Magendi 136 

Liquor Morphinae Sulphatis, 

U.S.P 136 

Liquor Pepsini. 33 

Liquor Plumbi et Opii 88 

Liquor Plumbi ISubacetatis — 87 
Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis 

dilutus 87 

Liquor Potassae 52 

Liquor Potassii Arsenitis 46 

Lithii Bromidum 141 

Lithil Salicylas 166 

Lithium, Bromide of 141 

Lithium, Salicylate of. — .... 166 

Lithontriptics 25 

Local Anaesthetics 13, 14 

Local Anodynes •••• — 13 

Local Astringents — 28 

Local Emetics 19 

Local Gastric Sedatives....... 19 

Local Sedatives 11 

Lotio 9 

Lotion 9 

Lugols' Solution — 71 

Lunar Caustic , 84 

Magendie's Solution of Mor- 
phine — 136 

Magnesia and Bhubarb 179 

Magnesii Carbonas 174, 179 

Magnesii Sulphas 179 

Magnesium, Carbonate of. . -174, 179 

Magnesium, Sulphate of 179 

Maintenances of Equilibrium. 14 

Male Pern 185 

Male Fern, Extract of 185 

Male Fern, Oleoresin of. 185 



PAGK. 

Mass Blue 183 

Mass of Carbonate of Iron 45 

Mass, Vallets.-... 45 

Massa Ferri Carbonatis 45 

Massa Hy drargyri — 183 

Materia Medica 1 

May-apple 183 

Meadow Saffron....... 79 

Medication by respiratory 

tract : 9 

Medication per rectum 9 

Medicines, Abministration of. 9 

Medicines. Classification of... 10 

Mel 200 

Mel Despumatum 200 

Menthol 169 

Mercurial Ointment. ... — 76 

Mercuric Chloride 75 

Mercuric Iodide 78 

Mercuric, subsuJphate, yellow 171 

Mercurous Chloride 77, 183 

Mercury 75 

Mercury, bichloride of 75 

Mercury, Biniodide of 78 

Mercury, Corrosive Chloride of 75 

Mercury, mild chloride of 77, 183 

Mercury, Olea^e of 77 

Mercury, Bed Iodide of 78 

Mercury, Subchloride of 77, 183 

Mercury with Chalk 77,183 

Method, Endermic 10 

Method, Enepidermie 10 

Method, Epidermic 10 

Method, Hypodermic 10 

Methyl hydrate 118 

Methyl terchloride 127 

Methylic Alcohol 118 

Mexican Hellebore 154 

Mild Chloride of Mercury-... 77, 183 

Milk of Sulphur 66 

Mindererus spirit 62 

Mineral Acids 34 

Mineral, Turpeth 171 

Misturae 5 

Mixture, A. C. E... 129 

Mixture, E, C. A 129 

Mixture, N ussbaums 129 

Mixtures — 5 

Mixtures, anaesthetic 129 

Monkshood 150 

Monobromated Camphor. . . .112, 141 

Morphina 134 

Morphinae Acetas 136 

Morphinae hydrochloras. 136 

Morphinae Murias 136 

Morphinae sulphas 136 

Morphine 134 

Morphine, acetate of 136 

Morphine, hydrochlorate of. . . 136 
Morphine, Magendies' solution 

of 136 



219 



PAGE. 

Morphine, Muriate of 136 

Morphine, preparations of 136 

Morphine, solution of, U. S. P. 136 

Morphine, sulphate of 136 

Motor Depressants. . — 11, 144 

Motor Excitants. — 11, 93 

Movement, Coordination of — 14 

Mucilages 5 

Mucilagines — 5 

Muriate of Ammonia. — 62 

Muriate of Cocaine 116 

Muriate of Morphine 136 

Muriate of Pilocarpine — 146 

Muriate of Quinine 50 

Muriatic Acid 35 

Mustard. 172, 195 

Mustard, Black 172. 196 

Mustard, Composition of 196 

Mustard, English 172, 196 

Mustard, German 172, 196 

Mustard Seed, powdered. . . .172, 197 
Mustard, yellow — . . . „ ..... . 172, 196 

Mydriatics 14 

Myotics — 15 

Narceina 135 

Narceine 135 

Narcotics 12 

Narcotina 135 

Narcotine 135 

Nasal Douche 8 

Nasal Wash-... 8 

Nauseating Diaphoretics 25 

Nauseating Expectorants- 16 

New Remedies 203 

Nightshade, deadly 104 

Nitrate of Pilocarpine. . — 146 

Nitrate of Potassium 53 

Nitrate of Silver 84 

Nitrate of Silver. Fused 84 

Nitre 53 

Nitre, sweet spirits of 125, 186 

Nitric Acid. 35 

Nitric Acid, Diluted 34 

Nitrite of Amyl 158 

Nitriteof Ethyl 159 

Nitrite of Potassium — 159 

Nitrite of Sodium 159 

Nitrites .... 158 

Nitroglycerin 159 

Nitro-hydrochloric Acid 35 

Nitro-hydrochloric Acid, Dilu- 
ted-... 34 

Nitrous Ether, spirit of — 125 

Nussbaum's Mixture 129 

Nut, Areca — .. 184 

Nut. Areca, powdered — 184 

Nutgall 82 

Nux Vomica. 93 

Nux Vomica, Fluid Extract of 94 

Nux Vomica, Powdered 94 

Nux, Vomica, solid extract of. 93 



PAGE. 

Nux Vomica, Tincture of 94 

Ocular Sensibility 15 

Official Preparations 3 

Oil, Black 189 

Oil, Camphorated 112 

Oil, Carbolized 163 

Oil, Castor 39. 174, 170 

Oil, Cod-liver.... 38 

Oil, Cotton-seed- 39 

Oil, Croton 39, 181, 200 

Oil, Flaxseed 178 

Oil, Fusel 118 

Oil of Juniper. • • • 187 

Oil. Lard 39 

Oil, Linseed 39, 178, 201 

Oil of Peppermint 169 

Oil of Tar 191 

Oil of Turpentine 185, 189 

Oil of Turpentine, Rectified. . . 189 

Oilof Vitriol....-- 35 

Oil of Wormseed. . .............. 185 

Oil, Olive 39 

Oils 38 

Ointment, Basilicon 190 

Ointment, Blue — 76 

Ointment, Mercurial — 76 

Ointment of Ammoniated Mer- 
cury 77 

Ointment of Belladonna 105 

Ointment of Carbolic Acid 163 

Ointment of Iodide of Potas- 
sium — 72 

Ointment of Iodine. — 71 

Ointment of Iodoform 72 

Ointment of Tannic Acid- • 81 

Ointment of Tar 191 

Ointment of Veratrine 155 

Ointment of white precipitate . 77 

Ointment, Simple. 7 

Ointments 7 

Oleata 6 

Oleate of Aconitine 151 

Oleate of Mercury. - — — 77 

Oleate of Veratrine ... - 155 

Oleates 6 

Oleatum Aconitinae 151 

Oleatum Hydrargyri 77 

Oleatum Veratrinae 155 

Oleoresin of Capsicum 187 

Oleoresin of Male Fern 185 

Oleoresina Aspidii 185 

Oleoresina Capsici 187 

Oleoresinae. 6 

Oleoresins 6 

Oleum Adipis 39 

Oleum Camphoratum 112 

Oleum Carbolizatum 163 

Oleum "Chenopodii 185 

Oleum Crotonis — 181,200 

Oleum Gossypii seminis. 39 

Oleum Juniperi 187 



220 



INDEX. 



PAGE. 

Oleum Lini 39, 178, 201 

Oleum Menthae piperitae . — 169 

Oleum Morrhuae . 38 

Oleum Nigrum 189 

Oleum Olivae. 39 

Oleum picis liquidae 191 

Oleum Kieini 39, 174, 178 

Oleum Terebinthinae. 1 85, 189 

Oleum Terebinthinae Bectifi- 

catum 189 

Oleum Theobromae 39 

Oleum Tiglii 39,181,200 

OliveOil v.-- 39 

Opii pulvis.... 135 

Opium 134 

Opium and Ipecac, Powder of. 136 

Opium, aqueous extract of • • 135 
Opium, camphorated tincture 

of 135 

Opium, powdered 135 

Opium, Tincture of 135 

Opodeldoc 112 

Oxide of Calcium 59 

Oxide of Zinc 89 

Oxymel 200 

Oxymethylene — — 203 

Oxytocics 26 

Pale Bark 48 

Pancreatin . 33 

Papain, — 32 

Papaverina 135 

Papaverine • • 135 

Papaw 32 

Papayotin 32 

Parasiticides 29 

Paregoric 135 

Parenchymatous Injections ... 10 

Pastes 8 

Pencils 7 

Pepper, Cayenne 187 

Peppermint Camphor 169 

Peppermint, Essence of 170 

Peppermint, Oil of 169 

Peppermint, spirit of • • 170 

Peppermint Water 170 

Pepsin, pure 32 

Pepsin, Saccharated 32 

Pepsin, Solution of 33 

Pepsinum Purum 32 

Pepsinum Saccharatum 32 

Perchloride of Iron — 43 

Perchloride of Iron, Solution of 43 

Permanganate of Potassium. • 53 

Peruvian Bark — 48 

Petrolatum 200 

Petroleum Jelly. 200 

Pharmaceutical Incompatibil- 
ity 208 

Pharmacodynamics 1,2 

Pharmacology. 1 

Pharmacopoeia 2 



PAGE. 

Pharmacy 1 

Phoiiazone 160 

Phenol 162 

Phenol, Iodized 72 

Phenyl Acetamide 161 

Phenyl, Salicylate of • • . -163, 166 

Phosphate of Codeine 137 

Phosphoric Acid 36 

Phosphoric Acid, Diluted 35 

Physostigma 147 

Physostigminae salicylas...l48, 182 

Physostigminae sulphas 148, 182 

Physostigmine, disks of . . • 148 

Physostigmine, salicylate o' > '8,182 
Physostigmine, sulphate of 1 , 182 

Pills 6 

Pilocarpinae hydrochloras — 146 

Pilocarpinae Murias 146 

Pilocarpinae Nitras 146 

Pilocarpine, hydroehlorate of. 146 

Pilocarpine, Nitrate of 146 

Pilocarpine, Muriate of 146 

Pilocarpus 145 

Pilocarpus, Fluid Extract of. . 146 

Pilulae 6 

Piperazidine — 204 

Piperazine.. 204 

Piperazinum. 204 

Pitch 188, 190 

Pitch, Burgundy 190 

Pitch, Canada 190 

Pitch, Hemlock 190 

Pix 190 

Pix Burgundica 190 

Pix Canadensis 190 

Pix Liquida 191 

Plasters 4 

Plumbi Acetas 87 

Plumbum 87 

Podophyllum 183 

Podophyllum, Besin of 183 

Poke Boot 154 

Poke Boot, Powdered 155 

Pond's Extract 82 

Port Wine. 120 

Porter 121 

Potash, Caustic 52 

Potash, hydrated protoxide of 62 

Potassa.. 52 

Potassa, Solution of 52 

Potassii Acetas... 62 

Potassii Bicarbonas 53 

Potassii Bitartras 180 

Potassii Bromidum 53, 140 

Potassii Carbonas 53 

Potassii Chloras 53 

Potassii Iodidum 53, 71 

Potassii Nitras 53 

Potassii Nitris 159 

Potassii Permanganas 53 

Potassium, 52 



INDEX. 



221 



PAGE. 

Potassium, Acetate of 52 

Potassium Alum — 91 

Potassium, Bicarbonate of — 53 

Potassium, bitartrate of 180 

Potassium, Bromide of 53, 140 

Potassium, Carbonate of , . 53 

Potassium, Chlorate of 53 

Potassium, Iodide of 53, 71 

Potassium, Nitrate of 53 

Potassium, Nitrite of 159 

Potassium, Permanganate of. 53 
Potassium, Solution of Arsen- 

ite of 46 

Potato spirit 118 

Poultices 8 - 

Powder, Dover's 136, 173 

Powder, Gray.... 77,183 

Powder of Ipecac and Opium, 136,173 

Powdered Areca Nut. . , 184 

Powdered Belladonna Leaf 105 

Powdered Calabar Bean 148 

Powdered Camphor Ill 

Powdered Capsicum 187 

Powdered Cinchona Bark 49 

Powdered Colchicum Boot 80 

Powdered Colchicum Seed 80 

Powdered digitalis leaf 99 

Powdered Ergot 97 

Powdered Gentian Boot 48 

Powdered Ipecac 173 

Powdered Mustard Seed 197 

Powdered Nux Vomica 94 

Powdered Opium 135 

Powdered Poke Boot 155 

Powders 6 

Precipitated Chalk 59 

Precipitated phosphate of Cal- 
cium 59 

Precipitated Sulphur 66. 174 

Preparations of Cinchona 49 

Preparations, Official 3 

Preparations of Morphine 136 

Preparations, Unofficial 7 

Prescription Writing 205 

Proof spirit 120 

Prophenyl hydrate 201 

Protectives 29 

Pseudo-jervine 154 

Pulmonary Sedatives 15 

Pulveres 6 

Pulvis Arecae Seminis 184 

Pulvis Belladonnae foliorum. 105 

Pulvis Corticis Cinchonae 49 

Pulvis Gentianae. 48 

Pulvis Ipecacuanhae 173 

Pulvis Ipecacuanhae et Opii, 136, 173 

Pu Ivis Magnesii cum Bheo 179 

Pulvis Nucis Yomicae 94 

Pulvis Opii 135 

Pulvis BheiCompositus. 179 

Pulvis Sinapis seminis 197 



PAGE. 

Pure Acetic Acid »♦. 64 

Pure Carbolic Acid 162 

Pure Pepsin 32 

Purgatives 20,195 

Purgatives, Chologogue 21, 183 

Purgatives. Drastic. 20, 181 

Purgatives, Hydragogue-- • • 20 

Purgatives, Saline. .no, 179 

Purgatives, Simple 20, 175 

P urging Buckthorn 178 

Purified Chloroform. 128 

Pustulants 28, 196 

Pyrazine Hexahydride. 204 

Quaker Button . - - 93 

Quercus albae cortex 83 

Quereus lusitanica. 82 

Quicklime 59 

Quicksilver 75 

Quinidina ,- 49 

Quinidine 49 

Quininae Bimuriatis Carba- 

mas % 50 

Quininae Bisulphas 50, 194 

Quininae Hydrochloras 50. 194 

Quininae Murias 50, 194 

Quininae Sulphas 50, 194 

Quinine 49, 194 

Quinine and Iron, Citrate of . . 51 
Quinine and Urea, double 

hydrochlorate of 50 

Quinine Bisulphate .50, 194 

Quinine, Hydrochlorate of . . .50, 194 

Quinine, Muriate of 50, 194 

Quinine, Sulphate of 50,194 

Badix Colchici 79 

Bectal Medication 9 

Bectified Oil of Turpentine... 189 

Bectified spirit, 120 

Bed Bark 48 

Bed Iodide of Mercury 78 

Bed Wine 120 

Bef rigerant Diaphoretics 25 

Bef riger ant D iuretics 186 

Befrigerants 18 

Bemote Antacids 19 

Benal Depressants 24 

Besin 190 

Besin Cerate 190 

Besina 190 

Resin of podophyllum 183 

Besina Podophy lli 183 

Besinae 6 

Resins 6 

Resolvents 23 

Bespiratory Depressants 15 

Bespiratory Stimulants 15 

Bestorative Agents 32 

Bestoratives 22 

Bhamnus Catharticus 178 

Bhamnus frangula 178 

Rhamnus Purshiana 178 



222 



INDEX. 



PAGE. 

Rheum 175 

Rhubarb 175 

Rhubarb and Magnesia 179 

Rhubarb, compound powder 

of 179 

Root, American Hellebore. 

fluid extract of 154 

Root, American Hellebore, 

Tincture of 154 

Root, Belladonna, fluid extract 

of 105 

Root, Colchicum, Powdered.. 80 

Root, Gentian, Powdered 48 

Root, Poke 154 

Route, Gastro-intestinal 9 

Rubefacients 27, 196 

Rubijervine 154 

Rum, Jamaica 120 

Rum, St. Croix 120 

Rye, Horned 96 

Rye, Spurred 96 

Saccharated Carbonate of Iron 42 

Saccharated Pepsin.. 32 

Sacred Bark 178 

Sal Ammoniac 62 

Salicylate of Eserine 148, 182 

Salicylate of Lithium 166 

Salicylate of phenyl 163.166 

Salicylate of Physostigmine, 148, 182 

Salicylate of Sodium 166 

Salicylic Acid 166 

Saline Purgatives 20, 179 

Salol 163, 166 

Salt, Common 56 

Salt, Epsom 179 

Salt, Glauber's 57 181 

Saltpetre 53 

Santonica 184 

Santonin 184 

Santoninum 184 

Secale Cornutum 96 

Sedatives 11 

Sedatives, Cardiac 17 

Sedatives, Gastric, General... 20 

Sedatives, General 11 

Sedatives, Local 11 

Sedatives. Local Gastric 19 

Sedatives, Pulmonary 15 

Sedatives, Urinary 25 

Sedatives, Vascular 17 

Sedatives, Vesical 24 

Seed, Colchicum, Powdered.. 80 

Seed, Mustard, Powdered. 197 

Semen Colchici 79 

Semen Lini 201 

Semen Linipulvis 201 

Sense of Smell 15 

Sensibility, Ocular 15 

Sheep's wool fat 39 

Sherry 120 

Sialogogues 17 



PAGE. 

Silvor 84 

Silver, Nitrateof 84 

Silver, Nitrate of, Fused 84 

Simple Diaphoretics 25 

Simple Ointment 7 

Simple purgatives 20, 175 

Sinapis 172, 195 

Sinapis alba 172, 196 

Sinapis Nigra 172, 196 

Soap Liniment 112 

Soap spirit, camphorated 112 

Socotrine aloes. 175 

Soda Salaeratus 56 

Sodii Biboras..... 57 

Sodii Bicarbonas 56 

Sodii Boras 57 

Sodii Bromidum 141 

Sodii Carbonas 56 

Sodii Chloridum 56 

Sodii hyposulphis 66 

Sodii Iodidum 71 

Sodii Nitris 159 

Sodii Salicylas 166 

Sodii sulphas 57, 181 

Sodii Sulphis 66 

Sodii sulphocarbolas 163 

Sodium , 56 

Sodium, Biborate of 57 

Sodium, Bicarbonate of 56 

Sodium, Borate of 57 

Sodium, Bromide of 141 

Sodium, Carbonate of 56 

Sodium, Chloride of 56 

Sodium hyposulphite 66 

Sodium, Iodide of 7i 

Sodium, Nitrite of 159 

Sodium, salicylate of 166 

Sodium, sulphate of 57,181 

Sodium sulphite 66 

Sodium, sulphocarbolate of... 163 

Solid Extract of Aconite 150 

Solid Extract of Digitalis 99 

Solid Extract of Ergot 97 

Solid Extract of Henbane 110 

Solid Extract of Indian Hemp 115 

Solid Extract of Nux Vomica. . 93 

Solution, Dr. Carl Seller's 58 

Solution, Fowler's 46 

Solution, Lugol's 71 

Solution of Acetate of Ammo- 
nia 62 

Solution of Arsenite of Potas- 
sium 46 

Solution of Carbolic Acid 163 

Solution of Iodine, Compound 71 

Solution of Iron Perchloride- . 43 

Solution of Lead and Opium. . 88 

Solution of Lime 59 

Solution of Morphine Sul- 
phate, Magendie's 136 

Solution of Pepsin...... 33 



INDEX. 



223 



PAGE. 

Solution of Potassa 52 

Solution of Subacetate of Lead 87 
Solution of Subacetate of 

Lead, diluted -• 87 

Solution of Sulphate of Mor- 
phine, U. S. P • 136 

Solutions 5 

Spanish Fly 194,197 

Spirit Grain 118 

Spirit of Ammonia, Aromatic- 62 

Spirit of Camphor ill 

Spirit of Chloroform 129 

Spirit of Ether, compound... 123 

Spirit of Hartshorn 61 

Spirit of Nitre, sweet 125 

Spirit of Nitrous Ether 125 

Spirit of Peppermint 170 

Spiritof Salt 35 

Spirit of Turpentine 185, 189 

Spirit, Potato 118 

Spirit, proof 120 

Spirit, rectified 120 

Spirit, soap, camphorated 112 

Spirit, wood 118 

Spirits 6 

Spiritus 6 

Spiritus absolutus 118 

Spiritus aetheris compositus. 124 
Spiritus Aetheris nitrosi • . . 124, 186 

Spiritus Ammonii Aromatieus 62 

Spiritus Chloroformi 129 

Spiritus Camphorae Ill 

Spiritus Frumenti »• 119 

Spiritus Glonoini 159 

Spiritus Menthae piperitae — 170 

Spiritus Mindereri 62 

Spiritus Nitrico-Dulcis 124, 186 

Spiritus saponis camphoratus 112 

Spiritus Vini Gallici 119 

Spurred Rye 96 

Starch, glycerin of 202 

St. Croix Rum 120 

stimulant Diuretics 186 

Stimulant Expectorants 16 

Stimulants 10 

Stimulants, Cardiac 16 

Stimulants, Hepatic 21 

Stimulants, Respiratory 15 

Stimulants, "Vascular 17 

Stomachics 18 

Stout 121 

Stronger Ether 123 

Stronger Solution of Ammonia 61 

Stronger Water of Ammonia.. 61 

Stronger "White Wine 120 

Strophanthin 102 

Strophanthinum 102 

Strophanthus 102 

Strophanthus, tincture of 102 

Strychnina 195 

Strychninae Sulphas 94, 195 



PAGE. 

Strychnine 195 

Strychnine Poisoning 94 

Strychnine, sulphate of 94,195 

Styptic Collodion 124 

Styptic Cotton 43 

Styptic, Warren's 38 

Styptics 28 

Subacetate of Lead, solution of 87 

Subcarbonate of Bismuth 45 

Subchloride of Mercury 77 

Subiodide of Bismuth 45 

Sublimed Sulphur 66 

Subnitrate of Bismuth 45 

Sudorifics 25 

Sugar of Lead 87 

Sulphate of Atropine 105 

Sulphate of Cinchonidine 50 

Sulphate of Copper 86, 171 

Sulphate of Eserine 148 

Sulphate of Hyoscyamine no 

Sulphate of Iron 42 

Sulphate of Iron, Dried 43 

Sulphate of Magnesia 179 

Sulphate of Morphine 136 

Sulphate of Physostignine 148 

Sulphate of Quinine 50 

Sulphate of Sodium 57, 181 

Sulphate of Strychnine 94 

Suiphate of Zinc 89, 17 1 

Sulphide of Calcium 66 

Sulphides 66 

Sulphite of Sodium 66 

Sulphites 66 

Sulphocar bolate of Sodium 163 

Sulphur 66 

Sulphur Lotum 66,174 

Sulphur, Milk of 66 

Sulphur, precipitated 66, 174 

Sulphur Praecipitatum 66, 174 

Sulphur, Sublimed 66 

Sulphur, Washed 66, 174 

Sulphurated Lime 66 

Sulphuric Acid 35 

Sulphuric Acid, Aromatic 34 

Sulphuric Acid, Dilute 34 

Suppositoria 6 

Suppositories 6 

Sweating Blister 199 

Sweet Spirit of Nitre 125, 186 

Syrupi 6 

Syrup of Iodide of Iron 42 

Syrup of Ipecac 173 

Syrups 6 

Sy r up us Ferri Iodidi 42 

Syrupus Ipecacuanhae 173 

Systemic Astringents 28 

Systemic Emetics 19 

Table of Doses 31 

Tannic Acid 81 

Tannic Acid, Glycerin of 81, 202 

Tannic Acid, Ointment of 81 



224 



INDEX. 



hpag. 

Tannin... 81 

Tannin, glycerin of iodo-car- 

bolateof 73 

Tar 188 

Tar, liquid 191 

Tar, Oil of 191 

Tar, Ointmentof 191 

Tartar, Cream of 180 

Tartar Emetic 172 

Tartrate of Antimony and Po- 
tassium 172 

Tartarus Stibiatus 172 

Terebene * 190 

Terebenum 190 

Terebinthina 188 

Terebinthina Canadensis 188 

Terebinthina Veneta 189 

Tetra-iodo-pyrol 72 

Tnebaina 135 

Thebaine.... 135 

Theina 117 

Theine - 117 

Therapeutical Incompatibility 208 

Therapeutics 2 

Therapeutics. Applied 2 

Therapeutics, Natural 2 

Thymol ., 168 

Tinctura aconiti, Fleming 151 

Tinctura Aconiti, U. S t 151 

Tinctura Arnicae florum 158 

Tinctura Asafoetidae 114 

Tinctura Belladonnae folio- 
rum 105 

Tinctura camphorae compo- 

sita 112 

Tinctura Capsici 187 

Tinctura Catechu Composita. . 83 
Tinctura Cinchonae Compo- 
sita 50 

Tinctura digitalis , 99 

Tinctura Ferri Chloridi 43 

Tinctura G-elsemii 144 

Tinctura Gentianae Compo- 
sita , 48 

Tinctura Hyoscyami 110 

Tinctura Iodi 71 

Tinctura Nucis Vomicae 94 

Tinctura Opii 135 

Tinctura Opii Camphorata — 135 

Tinctura Strophanthi 102 

Tinctura Trinitritii 159 

Tinctura Veratri Viridis 154 

Tincturae 7 

Tincture of Aconite 151 

Tincture of Aconite, Fleming's 151 
Tincture of American Helle- 
bore Root 154 

Tincture of Arnica flowers — 158 

Tincture of Asaf oetida 114 

Tincture of Belladonna leaf. . . 105 



PAGE. 

Tincture of Camphor, Com- 
pound 112 

Tincture of Capsicum 187 

Tincture of Catechu, Com- 
pound 83 

Tincture of Chloride of Iron. . 43 
Tincture of Cinchona Bark, 

Compound 50 

Tincture of Digitalis 99 

Tincture of Gelsemium 144 

Tincture of Gentian, Com- 
pound 48 

Tincture of Henbane 110 

Tincture of Iodine 71 

Tincture of Nux Vomica 94 

Tincture of Opium ... 135 

Tincture of Opium, Camphor- 
ated 135 

Tincture of Strophanthus 102 

Tinctures 7 

Tonics 23 

Tonics, Cardiac 17 

Tonics, Gastric 18 

Tonics, Uterine 27 

Tonics, Vascular 17 

Tonics, Vesical 24 

Topical Agents 196 

Toxicology 1,2 

Trinitrate of Glyceryl 159 

Trinitrin 159 

Turpentine 188, 197 

Turpentine, Canada 188 

Turpentine, Oil of 185, 189, m 

Turpentine, Oil of, rectified. 189, 197 

Turpentine, Spirit of 185, 189, 197 

Turpentine, Venice 189 

Turpeth Mineral 171 

Unguenta 7 

Unguentum Acidi Carbolici... 163 

Unguentum Acidi Tannici 81 

Unguentum Basiliconis 190 

Unguentum Belladonnae 105 

Unguentum Hydrargyri 76 

Unguentum Hydrargyri Am- 

moniati 77 

Unguentum Iodi 71 

Unguentum lodoformi 72 

Unguentum Picis Liquidae... 191 

Unguentum Potassii Iodidi . . . 72 

Unguentum Simplex 7 

Unguentum Veratrinae 155 

Unofficial Preparations 7 

Urea and Quinine, double hy- 

drochlorate of 50 

Urinary Acidifiers 24 

Urinary Alkalize rs 24 

Urinary Sedatives 25 

Uterine Alteratives 27 

Uterine Depressants i 26 

Uterine Tonics . . • 27 



INDEX. 



225 



PAGE. 

Vallet's Mass 45 

Vapores 9 

Vapors 9 

Vascular Sedatives 17 

Vascular Stimulants 17 

Vascular Tonics 17 

Vaseline 200 

Venice Turpentine 189 

Veratralbine 154 

Veratrina = 155 

Veratrine 154, 155 

Veratrine, Ointment of 155 

Veratrine, Oleate of 155 

Veratroidine 154 

Veratrum 154 

Veratrum Album 154 

Veratrum Sabadilla 154 

Veratrum Viride. 154 

Veratrum Viride Pulvis 155 

Verdigris. 86 

Verm icides 22 

Vermifuges 22 

Vesical Sedatives 24 

Vesical Tonics 24 

Vesicants — 27, 196 

Vina 7 

Vinegar 65 

Vinum Album 120 

Vinum album fortius 120 

Vinum Portense i!>o 

Vinum Eubrum 120 

Vinum Xericum 120 

Vitriol, Blue 86 

Vitriol, Green 42 

Vitriol, White 89 

Warren's Styptic 38 

Wash 9 

Wash, lead and opium... 88 

Wash, Nasal 8 

Washed Sulphur 66, 174 

Washing Soda 56 

Water, Camphor Ill 

Water, lead 87 



PAGE. 

Water of Ammonia 61 

Water, Peppermint 170 

Waters 3 

Whiskey 119 

White Arsenic 45 

White Mustard 172 

White-oak Bark 83 

White Precipitate Ointment-- 77 

White Vitriol. 89 

White Wine 120 

White Wine, stronger 120 

Wine, Port 120 

Wine. Red 120 

Wine. Sherry 120 

Wine, White 120 

Wine, White, stronger- .. — 120 

Wines. 7 

Witch-Hazel 82 

Witch-Hazel. Extract of 82 

Wolfsbane 150 

Wood Spirit. 118 

Wool Fat 201 

Wormseed, American 185 

Wormseed, Levant 184 

Wormseed, Oil of 185 

Yellow Bark 48 

Yellow Jasmine 144 

Yellow Mustard 196 

Yellow mercuric subsulphate. 171 

Yellow Mustard 172 

Zinc 89 

Zinc, Acetate of 89 

Zinc, CarboDateof 89 

Zinc, Chloride of 89 

Zinc, Oxide of 89 

Zinc, Sulphate of 89,171 

Zinci Acetas 89 

Zinci Carbonas 89 

Zinci Chloridum • ■ 89 

Zinci Oxidum. 89 

Zinci Sulphas 89, 171 

Zincum 89 



WILLIAM R. JENKINS' 

CATALOGUE 



1896 



Any of these Books will be sent, Post Paid, on receipt 
of Price. 



(*) Single asterisk designates New Books. 
(**) Double asterisk designates Recent Publications. 



A NDERSON, " Vice in the Horse " and other papers 
on Horses and Biding. By E. L. Anderson. Demy, 
8vo, eloth 2 00 

ANDERSON. " How to Ride and School a Horse.'' 

With a System of Horse Gymnastics. By Edward 
L. Anderson. Cr. 8vo 1 00 

(**)BA CH. "How to Judge a Horse." A concise treatise 
as to its Qualities and Soundness; Including Bits and 
Bitting — Saddles and Saddling, Stable Drainage, Driv- 
ing One Horse, a Pair, Four-in-hand, or Tandem, etc. 
By Captain F. W. Bach. 12mo, cloth, fully illustrated 
$L 00; paper , 50 

BANHAM. "Tables of Veterinary Posology and 
Therapeutics," with weights, measures, etc. By 
George A. Banham, F.R.C.V.S. 12mo, cloth 75 

BAUCHEB. ''• Method of Horsemanship." Including 
the Breaking and Training of Horses 1 00 



2 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins 

BELL. "The Veterinarians Call Book (Perpetual)." 

By Roscoe R. Bell, D V.S., Profsssor of Materia 
Medica, Therapeutics and Hygiene in the American 
Veterinary College, New York ; President of the Long 
Island Veterinary Society ; late IT. S. Goverment 
Veterinary Inspector, etc. 

A visiting list, that can be commenced at any time 
and used until full, containing much useful informa- 
tion for the student and the busy practitioner. 
Among contents are items concerning : Veterinary 
Drugs; Poisons; Solubility of Dru#s; Composition of 
Milk, Bile, Blood, Gastric Juice, Urine, Saliva ; Respi- 
ration; Dentition; Temperature, etc., etc. Bound in 
leather 1 25 

(*) BRA DLEY. " Outlines of Veterinary Anatomy." 

Part I. : The Anterior and Posterior Limbs. By O. 
Charnock Bradley, Member of the Royal College of 
Veterinary Surgeons ; Professor of Anatomy in the 
New Veterinary College, Edinburgh. (Ready in June.) 
12mo, cloth, 189 pages 

CLEMENT, u Veterinary Post Mortem Examina- 
tions." By A. W. Clement, V.S. Records of 
autopsies, to be of any value, should accurately 
represent the appearances of the tissues and organs 
so that a diagnosis might be made by the reader were 
not the examiners conclusions stated. To make the 
pathological conditions clear to the reader, some 
definite system of dissection is necessary. The 
absence in the English language, of any guide in 
making autopsies upon the lower animals, induced 
Dr. Clement to write this book, trusting that it 
would prove of practical value to the profession. 
12mo, cloth, illustrated 75 



851-853 Sixth Avenue {cor. 48th St.), Neio York. 3 

{**)CAJDIOT. "Roaring 1 in Horses." Its Pathology 
and Treatment. This work represents the latest 
development in operative methods for the alleviation 
of roaring. Each step is most clearly defined by 
excellent full-page illustrations. By P. J. Cadiot, 
Professor at the Veterinary School, Alfort. Trans. 
Thos. J. Watt Dollar, M.B.O.V.S., etc. Cloth 75 

CHAUVEAU. "The Comparative Anatomy of the 
Domesticated Animals." By A. Chauveau. New 
edition, translated, enlarged and entirely revised by 
George Fleming, F.E.C.V.S. 8vo. cloth with 585 
Illustrations 5 75 

CLARKE. "Horses' Teeth." A Treatise on their 
Anatomy, Pathology, Dentistry, etc. Kevised and 
enlarged. By W. H. Clarke. 12mo, cloth 2 50 

CLARKE. "Chart of the Feet and Teeth of 
Fossil Horses.'' 25 

CLE A VELAND. ' ' Pronouncing Medical Lexicon." 

Pocket edition. Cloth 75 

COTJR TNE Y. ' ' Manual of Veterinary Medicine and 
Surgery." By Edward Courtney, V. S. Crown, 8vo, 
cloth , 2 75 

(**) COX. "Horses: In Accident and Disease." The 

sketches introduced embrace various attitudes which 
have been observed, such as in choking ; the disorders 
and accidents occurring to the stomach and intestines ; 
affection of the brain ; and some special forms of lame- 
ness, etc. By J. Roalfe Cox, F.R.C.V.S. 8vo, cloth, 
fully illustrated 1 50 



4 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins 

CURTIS. "Horses, Cattle, Sheep and Swine." The 

origin, history improvement, description, characteris- 
tics, merits, objections, etc. By Geo. W. Curtis, 
M.S. A. Superbly illustrated. Cloth, $2 00; half 
sheep, $2.75 ; half morocco 3 50 

DALZIEL. " British Dogs." Describing the History 
Characteristics, Points, and Club Standards, etc., etc. 
With numerous colored plates and wood engravings. 
By Hugh Dalziel. Vol. I., $4 00. Vol. II., 8vo.4 00 

DALZIEL. "The Fox Terrier." Illustrated. (Mono- 
graphs on British Dogs) 1 00 

DALZIEL. "Fox Terrier Stud Book." Edited by 
Hugh Dalziel. 

Vol. I. Containing Pedigrees of over 1,400 of the best- 
known Dogs, traced to their most remote known an- 
cestors 1 00 

Vol. II. Pedigrees of 1,544 Dogs, Show Record, &c.l 00 

Vol. III. Pedigrees of 1,214 Dogs,Show Kecord,&c.l 00 

Vol. IV. Pedigrees of 1,168 Dogs,Show Recorded 00 

Vol. V. Pedigrees of 1,662 Dogs, Show Record, &c.l 00 

DALZIEL. " The St. Bernard." Illustrated. . . .1 00 

DALZIEL. "St. Bernard Stud Book." Edited by 
Hugh Dalziel. 

Vol. I. Pedigrees of 1,278 of the best-known Dogs, 
traced to their most remote known ancestors, Show 
Record, &c 1 00 

Voi.'IL Pedigrees of 564 D^gs, Bhow Record, &0..1 00 



851-853 Sixth Avenue (cor. 48th St.), Neiv York. 5 

DALZIEL. "The Diseases of Dogs." Their Pathology, 
Diagnosis and Treatment, with a dictionary of Canine 
Materia-Medica. By Hugh Dalziel 12mo, paper, 
60c: cloth 80 

DALZIEL. "Diseases of Horses." 12mo, cloth.. 1 00 

DALZIEL. " Breaking- and Training Dogs." Being 
concise directions for the proper education of dogs, 
both for the field and for companions. Second edi- 
tion, revised and enlarged. Part I, by Pathfinder: 
Part II, by Hugh Dalziel. 12mo, cloth, illus .... 2 . 60 

DALZIEL. " The Collie." Its History, Points, and 
Breeding. By Hugh Dalziel. Illustrated, 8vo, paper, 
50c, cloth 1 00 

DALZIEL. "The Greyhound." 8vo, cloth, illus.. 1 00 

DANCE. " Veterinary Tablet." Folded in cloth case. 
The tablet of A. A. Dance is a synopsis of the diseases 
of horses, cattle and dogs with the causes, symptoms 
and cures 75 

DANA. "Tables in Comparative Physiology." By 

Prof. C. L.Dana, M.D 25 

DAY. "The Race-horse in Training." By Wm. Day, 
8vo 3 50 

(**)DUN. "Veterinary Medicines, Their Actions and 

Uses." By Finlay Dun, V.S. Kevised edition (almost 
entirely re-written) 8vo, cloth 3 50 

DWTER. << Seats and Saddles." Bits and Bitting, 
Draught and Harness and the Prevention and Cure of 
Restiveness in Horses. By Francis Dwyer. Illus- 
trated, 1 vol., 12mo, cloth, gilt V. ....;.... .1 50 



6 Veterinary Catalogue of William E. Jenkins 

FLEMING. ' 'A Treatise on Practical Horseshoeing. " 

By George Fleming, M.K.C.V.S. Cloth 75 

{^FLEMING. "Veterinary Obstetrics." Including the 
Accidents and Diseases incident to Pregnancy, Parturi- 
tion, and the early Age in Domesticated Animals. 
By Geo Fleming, F.R.C.V.S. With 212 illustrations. 
New edition revised, 226 illustrations, 758 pages. ..6 25 
773 pages, 8vo, cloth (old edition) 3 50 

FLEMING. "Rubies and Hydrophobia.'' History. 
Natural Causes, Symptoms and Prevention. By Geo. 
Fleming, M. R.C.V.S. 8vo, cloth 3 75 

FLEMING. "Propagation of Tuberculosis" Stating 
Injurious Effects from the consumption of the Flesh 
and Milk of Tuberculous Animals. By Geo. Fleming, 
M.D., M.R.C.V.S., and others. 8vo, cloth 1 50 

FLEMING. "Tuberculosis." From a Sanitary and 
Pathological Point of View 25 

FLEMING. "The Contagions Diseases of Animals." 

Their influence on the wealth and health of nations. 
12mo, paper 25 

FL E3IING. ' ' Operative Veterinary Surgery. ' ' Part 
I, by Dr. Geo. Fleming, M.R.C.V.S. This valuable 
work, the most practical treatise yet issued on the 
subject in the English language, is devoted to the 
common operations of Veterinary Surgery; and the 
concise descriptions and directions of the text are illus- 
trated with numerous wood engravings. 8vo,cloth.2 75 

Orders are now received for the second volume* which 
is expected by December. 



851-853 Sixth Avenue {eor. 48f7i St.), New York. 7 

FLEMING. " Human .and Animal Variolae." A 

Study in Comparative Pathology. Paper 25 

FIjEMING. "Animal Plagues." Their History, 
Nature, and Prevention. By George Fleming, F.E.C. 
V.S., etc. First Series. 8vo, cloth, $6.00; Second 
Series. 8vo, cloth 3 00 

FLEMING. "Roaring in Horses." By Dr. George 
Fleming, F.K C.V.S. A treatise on this peculiar dis- 
order of the Horse, indicating its method of treat- 
ment and curability. 8vo, cloth, with col. plates. 1 50 

(**FLE3IING-NEUMANN. "Parasites and Para- 
sitic Diseases of the Domesticated Animals." A 

work which the students of human or veterinary medi- 
cine, the sanitarian, agriculturist or breeder or rearer 
of animals, may refer for full information regarding 
the external and internal Parasites — vegetable and 
animal — which attack various species of Domestic 
Animals. A Treatise by L, G. Neumann, Professor 
at the National Veterinary School of Toulouse. 
Translated and edited by George Fleming, C, B., L.L. 
D.,F.K.C.Y.S. 873 pages, 365 illustrations, cloth. 7 50 

{**)FRIEDBERGER - FBOHNER. " Pathology 
and Therapeutics of the Domesticated Animals." 

By Dr. Friedberger. Translated by Prof. W. L. Zuill, 
M.D., D. V.S. 2 vol 12 00 

GUESS WEL L. " The Diseases and Disorders of the 
Ox." By George Gresswell, B.A. With Notes by 
James B. Gresswell. Crown, 8vo, cloth, illus 3 50 

GRESSWELL. "Diseases and Disorders of the 
Horse." By Albert, James B., and George Gresswell. 
Crown, 8vo, illustrated, cloth 1 75 



8 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins 

GUESS WELL. Manual of "The Theory and Practice 
of Equine Medicine." By J. B. Gresswell, F.R.C.V.S., 

and Albert Gresswell, M.R.C.V.S., second edition, 
enlarged, 8vo, cloth. , 2 75 

GRESSWELL. "Veterinary Pharmacology and 
Therapeutics." By James B. Gresswell, F.R.C.V.S. 
16mo, cloth , 1 50 

GRESSWELL. "The Bovine Prescriber." For the 

use of Veterinarians and Veterinary Students. By 
James B. and Albert Gresswell, M.R.C.V.S Cloth. 75 

GRESSWELL. "The Equine Hospital Prescriber." 

drawn up for the use of Veterinary Practitioners and 
Students. By Drs. James B. and Albert Gresswell, 
M.R.C.V.S. Cloth 75 

GRESSWELL. "Veterinary Pharmacopeia, Materia 
Medica and Therapeutics." By George and Charles 
Gresswell, with descriptions and physiological actions 
of medicines. By Albert Gresswell. Crown, 8vo,cl. 2 75 

(**) G O TTHEIL. < 'A Manual of General Histology. " 

By Wm. S. Gottheil, M.D., Professor of Pathology in 
the American Veterinary College, New York; etc., etc. 
Histology is the basis of the physician's art, as 
Anatomy is the foundation of the surgeon's science. 
Only by knowing the processes of life can we under- 
stand the changes of disease and the action of remedies ; 
as the architect must know his building materials, so 
must the practitioner of medicine know the intimate 
structure of the body. To present this knowledge in 
an accessible and simple form has been the author's 
task. 8vo. ; cloth, 148 pages, fully illustrated. . . 1 00 



851-853 Sixth Avenue (cor. 4:8th St.), New York. 9 

(*)HASSL O CH. ' < A Coinpend of Veterinary Materia 
Medica and Therapeutics." By Dr. A. C. Hassloch, 
V.S., Lecturer on Materia Medica and Therapeutics, 
and Professor of Veterinary Dentistry at the NewYork 
College of Veterinary Surgeons and School of Compa- 
rative Medicine, N. Y. 12mo, cloth, pages.. 

HAYES. " Veterinary Notes for Horse-Owners." An 

every day Horse Book, Illustrated. By M. H. Hayes. 
12mo, cloth 5 00 

HAYES. "Riding." On the Flat and Across Country. 
A Guide to Practical Horsemanship. By Captain M. 
H. Hayes. Second edition, 16mo, cloth 4 25 

HA YES. ' 'Illustrated Horse Breaking . " By Captain 
M. H. Hayes. 12mo, cloth, illustrated 8 40 

HAYES. "The Horsewoman." By Captain M. H. 
Hayes and Mrs. Hayes. 12mo, cloth, illustrated. 4 25 

HEATLEY. "The Horse Owner's Safeguard." A 

handy Medical Guide for every Horse Owner. 12mo, 
cloth 1 50 

HEATLEY. "Practical Veterinary Remedies." 
12mo, cloth 1 00 

(**)HEATLEY. "The Stock Owner's Guide." A 

handy Medical Treatise for every man who owns an 
ox or cow. By George S. Heatley, M.B.C.V. 12mo, 
cloth , 1 25 

HILL. " The Principles and Practice of Bovine Med- 
icine and Surgery." By J. Woodroffe Hill, F.R.C.V.S. 
Cloth. (Temporarily out of print). 



10 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins 

HILL. "The Management and Diseases of the Dog." 

Containing full instructions for Breeding, Rearing and 
Kenneling Dogs. Their Different Diseases. How to 
detect and how to cure them. Their Medicines, and 
the doses in which they can be safely administered. 
By J. Woodroffe Hill, F.R.C.V.S. 12mo, cloth, extra 
fully illustrated 2 00 

HINEBA TJCH. < Veterinary Dental Surgery." For 

the use of Students, Practitioners and Stockmen. 

12mo, cloth, illustrated 2 00 

Sheep • 2 75 

(**)HOARE. "A Manual of Veterinary Therapeutics 
and Pharmacology." By E. WallisHoare, F.R.C.V.S. 
12mo, cloth, 560 pages 2 75 

"Deserves a good place in the libraries of all veterina- 
rians. * * * Cannot help but be of the greatest assist- 
ance to the young veterinarian and the every day busy 
practitioner."— American Veterinary Review. 

(*)KOBERT. "Practical Toxicology for Physicians 

and Students." By Prof. Dr. Rudolph Kobert, 
Director oi the Pharmacological Institute, Dorpat, 
Russia. Translated and edited by L. H. Friedburg, 
Ph.D., of Dept. of Chemistry, College of City of New 
York, Prof, of Chemistry and Toxicology at the Ame- 
rican Veterinary College, New York, and New York 
Homcepathic Medical College and Hospital. Author- 
ized edition. (In Press.) 

KOCH. "Miology of Tuberculosis." By Dr. R. 

Koch. Translated by T. Saure. 8vo, cloth 1 00 



851-853 Sixth Avenue (cor. 48th St.), New York. 11 

KEATING, "A New Unabridged Pronouncing 
Dictionary of Medicine." By John M. Keating, M.D., 
LL.D., Heniy Hamilton and others. A voluminous 
and exhaustive hand-book of Medical and scientific 
terminology with Phonetic Pronunciation, Accentu- 
ation, Etymology, etc. With an appendix containing 
important tables of Bacilli, Microcci Leucomaines, 
Ptomaines ; Drugs and Materials used in Antiseptic 
Surgery ; Poisons and their antidotes ; Weights and 
Measures; Themometer Scales; New Officinal and 
Unoffieinal Drugs, etc., etc. 8 vo, 818 pages 5 00 

LAMBERT. "The Germ Theory of Disease." 

Bearing upon the health and welfare of man and the 
domesticated animals. By James Lambert, F.R.C.V.S. 
8vo. paper 25 

LAW. "Farmers' Veterinary Adviser." A Guide to 
the Prevention and Treatment of Di-ease in Domestic 
Animals. By Professor James Law.Illustrated. 8vo, 
cloth 3 00 

LI A UTARD. " Animal Castration." A concise and 
practical Treatise on the Castration of the Domestic 
Animals. The only work on the subject in the English 
language. Illustrated with forty-four cuts. 12mo, 
cloth 2 00 



(*)L1AUTARD. "Median Neurotomy." 8vo, 

cloth , 1 00 



LIATJTARD. "Vade Mc cum of Equine Anatomy." 

By A. Liautard, M.D.V.S. Dean of the American Vet- 
erinary College, 12mo. cloth 2 00 



12 Veterinary Catalogue of William B. Jenkins 

LIAUTARD. "Translation of Zundel on the 
Horse's Foot." Cloth 2 00 

LIA UTARD. "How to Tell the Age of the Domestic 
Animal." By Dr. A. Liautard, M.D., V.S. Profusely 
illustrated. 12mo, cloth 50 

LIAUTARD. "On the Lameness of Horses." By 

A. Liautard, M.D.,V.S 2 50 

(**)LIAUTARD. "Manual of Operative Veterinary 
Surgery." By A. Liautard, M.D., V.M., Principal 
and Prof essor of Anatomy, Surgery, Sanitary Medicine 
and Jurisprudence in the American Veterinary College ; 
Chevalier du Merite Agricole de France, Honorary 
Fellow of the Koyal College of Veterinary Surgeons 
(London), etc., etc. 8vo, cloth, 786 pages and nearly 
600 illustrations 6 00 

LONG. "Book of the Pig." Its selection, Breeding, 
Feeding and Management. 8vo, cloth 4 25 

(**)£ UPTON. " Horses : Sound and Unsound," with 
Law relating to Sales and Warranty. By J. Irvine 
Lupton, F.R.C.V.S. 8vo, cloth, illustrated 1 25 

L UPTON. " The Horse." As he Was, as he Is, and 
as he Ought to Be. By J. I. Lupton, F.E.C. V.S. Illus- 
trated. Crown, 8vo 1 40 

MAGNER. "Facts for Horse Owners." By D. 

Magner. Upwards of 1,000 pages, illustrated with 900 
engravings. 8vo, cloth, $5.00; sheep, $6.00; full 
morocco 7 50 



851-853 Sixth Avenue (cor. 4:8th St.), New York. 13 

MAGNEH. "Veterinary Diagrams." (1) The Struc- 
ture of Horses Feet (in colors). The Structure of 
Horses Feet (Effects of Bad Treatment of the Feet). 

Mounted and Varnished 2 00 

(2) The Shoeing of the Horse. The Education of the 
Horse. Mounted and Varnished 2 00 

MAYHEW. "The Illustrated Horse Doctor." An 

accurate and detailed account of the Various Diseases 
to which the Equine Race is subject ; together with the 
latest mode of Treatment, and all the Requisite Pre- 
scriptions written in plain English. By E. Edward 
Mayhew, M.R.C.V.S. Illustrated. Entirely new 
edition, 8vo, cloth 2 75 

McBHIDE. "Anatomical Outlines of the Horse." 

12mo, cloth 2 50 

McCOMBIE. "Cattle and Cattle Breeders." Cloth. 1 00 

M'FABYEAN. "Anatomy of the Horse." A Dis- 
section Guide. By J. M. M'Fadyean, M.R.C.V.S. 
This book is intended for Veterinary students, and 
offers to them in its 48 full-page colored plates numer- 
ous other engravings and excellent text, the most 
valuable and practical aid in the study of Veterinary 
Anatomy, especially in the dissecting room. 8vo, 
cloth 5 50 

M'FADYEAN. "Comparative Anatomy of the 
Domesticated Animals." By J. M'Fadyean. Pro- 
fusely illustrated, and to be issued in two parts. Part 
I— Osteology, ready. Paper, $2 50; cloth 2 75 

(Part II. in preparation.) 



14 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins 

MILLS. "How to Keep a Dog in the City." By 

Wealey Mills, H.D , V.S. It tells how to choose 
manage, house, feed, educate the pup, how to keep him 
clean and teach him cleanliness. Paper 25 

(*)MOLLER. "Operative Veterinary Surgery." By 

Professor Dr. H. Moller, Berlin. Translated and 
edited from the 2d edition, enlarged and improved, 
by John A. W. Dollar. M.K.C.S. 

Prof. Holler's work presents the most recent and 
complete exposition of the Principles and Practice of 
Veterinary Surgery, and is the standard text-book on the 
subject throughout Germany. 

Many subjects ignored in previous treatises on 
Veterinary Surgery here receive full consideration, 
while the better known are presented under new and 
suggestive aspects. 

As Prof. Holler's work represents not only his 
own opinions and practice, but those of the best 
Veterinary Surgeons of various countries, the trans- 
lation cannot fail to be of signal service to American 
and British Veterinarians and to Students of Veter- 
inary and Comparative Surgery. 

1 vol., 8vo. 722 pages, 142 illustrations .5 25 

MORETON. " On Horse-breaking." 12mo, cl. . .50 

MOSSELMAJS-LIENA UX. "Veterinary Microbio- 
logy." By Professors Hosselman and Lienaux, Nat- 
ional Veterinary College, Cureghem, Belgium. Trans- 
lated and edited by R. B. Dinwiddie, Professor of 
Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Arkansas 
State University. 12mo, cloth, 342 pages 2 50 



851-853 Sixth Avenue (cor. 4Stli St.), New York. 15 

(*)NOCARD, "The Animal Tuberculoses, and their 
Relation to Human Tuberculosis." By Ed. Nocard, 
Professor of the Alfort Veterinary College. Trans- 
lated by H. Scurfield, M.D. Ed., Ph. Camb. 

Perhaps the chief interest to doctors of human 
medicine in Professor Nocard's book lies in the 
demonstration of the small part played by heredity, 
and the great part played by contagion in the propa- 
gation of bovine tuberculosis. It seems not unreason- 
able to suppose that the same is the case for human 
tuberculosis, and that, if the children of tuberculosis 
parents were protected from infection by cohabitation 
or ingestion, the importance of heredity as a cause of 
the disease, or even of the predisposition to it, would 
dwindle away into insignificance. 12mo, cloth. 143 
pages .1 00 

PEGLEM. "The Book of the Goat." 12mo, cloth.l 75 

PELLERIJV. "Median Neurotomy in the Treatment 
of Chronic Tendinitis and Periostosis of the Fetlock." 

By 0. Pellerin, late repetitor of Clinic and Surgery to 
the Alfort Veterinary School. Translated, with Addi- 
tional Facts Relating to It, by Prof. A. Liautard, M.D., 
V. M. 8vo, boards, illustrated 1 00 

PROCTOR. " The Management and Treatment of 
the Horse " in the Stable, Field and on the Eoa.d. 
By William Proctor. 8vo 2 40 

PETERS. "A Tuberculous Herd- Test with Tuber- 
culin." By Austin Peters, M. E. C. V. S., Chief 
Inspector of Cattle for the New York State Board of 
Health during the winter of 1892-93. Pamphlet. . . .25 



16 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins 

REYNOLD. ' 'Breeding and Management of Draught 
Horses." 8vo, cloth 140 



BOBEBTSOJST. "The Practice of Equine Medicine." 

A text-book especially adapted for the use of Veter- 
inary students and Veterinarians. By W. Robertson, 
Principal and Professor of Hippopathology in the 
Royal Veterinary College, London. 8vo. cloth, 806 
pages, revised edition 6 25 



(**)BOBEBGE. "The Foot of the Horse," or Lame- 
ness and all Diseases of the Feet traced to an Unbal- 
anced Foot Bone, prevented or cured by balancing the 
foot. By David Roberge. 8vo, cloth 5 00 



(*) SMITH. "A Manual of Veterinary Physiology." 

By Veterinary Captain F. Smith, M.R.C.V.S. Author 
of "A Manual of Veterinary Hygiene." 

Throughout this manual the object has been to con- 
dense the information as much as possible. The 
broad facts of the sciences are stated so as to render 
them of use to the student and practitioner. In this 
second edition — rewritten — the whole of the Nervous 
System has been revised, a new chapter dealing with 
the Development of the Ovum has been added together 
with many additional facts and illustrations. About 
one hundred additional pages are given. Second 
edition, revised and enlarged, with additional illus- 
trations 3 75 



{**)8MITJ£. "Manual of Veterinary Hygiene." 2nd 

edition, revised. Crown, 8vo, cloth .3 25 



851-853 Sixth Avenue {cor. 48th St.), New York. 17 

STORNMOUTH. "Manual of Scientific Terms.'' 

Especially referring to those in Botany, Natural 
History, Medical and Veterinary Science. By Kev. 
James Stornmouth = ..,.3 00 

(**) STRANGE WAY. "Veterinary Anatomy." New 

edition, revised and edited by I. Vaughn, F.L.S., 
M.K.O.V.S., with several hundred illustrations. 8vo. 
cloth 5 00 

(*) S JJSSD ORF. Colored Plates specially for Lectures. 

Size 40x27. By Professor Sussdorf, M.D. Translated 
by Prof. W. Owen Williams, of the New Veterinary 
College, Edinburgh. Plate 1. — Diagram of the Hors,e 
(left or near side view); Plate 2. — Diagram of the 
Mare (right side view). Showing the position of the 
viscera in the large cavities of the body. 

Price, unmounted 1 75 each 

" mounted on linen, with roller.. .1 75 extra " 

"Anatomy of the Cow" (in preparation). 

VETERINARY DIAGRAMS in Tabular Form. 
Size, 28^ in. x 22 inches. Price per set of five. . . A 75 

No. 1. "The External Form and Elementary Ana- 
tomy of the Horse." Eight coloured illustrations — 
1. External regions ; 2. Skeleton ; 3. Muscles (Superior 
Layer) ; 4. Muscles (Deep Layer) ; 5. Respiratory Ap- 
paratus ; 6. Digestive Apparatus ; 7. Circulatory Ap- 
paratus ; 8. Nerve Apparatus ; with letter-press descrip- 
tion , 1 25 

No. 2. "The Age of Domestic Animals." Forty-two 
figures illustrating the structure of the teeth, indicat- 
ing the Age of the Horse, Ox, Sheep, and Dog, with 
full description 75 



18 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins 

No. 3. "The Unsoundness and Defects of the Horse." 

Fifty figures illustrating— 1. The Defects of Confor- 
mation ; 2. Defects of Position ; 3. Infirmities or Signs 
of Disease ; 4. Unsoundnesses ; 5. Defects of the Foot ; 
with full description 75 

No. 4. "The Shoeing- of the Horse, Mule and Ox." 

Fifty figures descriptive of the Anatomy and Physio- 
logy of the Foot and of Horse-shoeing 75 

No. 5. "The Elementary Anatomy, Points, and But- 
cher's Joints of the Ox." Ten coloured illustrations 
— 1. Skeleton; 2. Nervous System: 3. Digestive 
System (Right Side) ; 4. Respiratory System ; 5. Points 
of a Fat Ox ; 6. Muscular System ; 7. Vascular System; 
8. Digestive System (Left Side); 9. Butcher's Sections 
of a Calf ; 10. Butcher's Sections of an Ox ; with full 
description 1 25 



WALLEY. "Hints on Hie Breeding" and Bearing 1 of 
Farm Animals." 12mo, cloth 80 



WALLEY. " Four Boyine Scourges." (Pleuro-Pneu- 
monia, Foot and Mouth Disease, Cattle Plague and 
Tubercle.) With an Appendix on the Inspection of 
Live Animals and Meat. Illustrated, 4to, cloth. .6 40 



WALLEY. "The Horse, Cow and Dog." By Dr. 

Thomas Walley. A poetical account of the " Troubl- 
ous Life of the Horse " ; " The Life of a Dairy Cow," 
and " The Life of a Dog " ; with an article on Animal 
Characteristics. 12mo ; cloth, 80 



851-853 Sixth Avenue (cor. 4Sth St.), Neiv York. 19 

(*) WAL LEY. "A Practical Guide to Meat Inspection." 

By Thomas Walley, M.R.C.V.S., formerly principal 
of the Edinburgh Royal (Dick) Veterinary College; 
Professor of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, etc. 
Third Edition, thoroughly revised, with forty-five 

coloured illustrations, 12mo, cloth 3 00 

An experience of over 30 years in his profession 
and a long official connection (some sixteen years) 
with Edinburgh Abattoirs have enabled the author to 
gather a large store of information on the subject, 
which he has embodied in his book. Dr. Walley's opi- 
nions are regarded as the highest authority on Meat 
Inspection. 

(**) WILLIAMS. "Principles and Practice of Veter- 
inary Medicine." New author's edition, entirely 
revised and illustrated with numerous plain and color- 
ed plates. By W. Williams, M.R.C.V.S.8vo., cl. .6 00 

(**)WILL1AMS. "Principles and Practice of Veter- 
inary Surgery." New author's edition, entirely 
revised and illustrated with numerous plain and 
colored plates. By W. Williams, M.R.C.V.S. 8vo, 
cloth 6 00 



ZUNDEL. "The Horse's Foot and Its Diseases." By 

A. Zundel, Principal Veterinarian of Alsace Lorraine. 
Translated by Dr. A. Liautard, V.S. 12mo, cloth 
illustrated 2 00 

ZU1LL. "Typhoid Feier; or Contagious Influenza 
in the Horse." By Prof. W. L. Zuill, M.D.,D.V.S. 
Pamphlet 25 



